Biomarkers of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Abstract

Atherosclerotic arterial occlusive disease affecting the lower extremities is also known as peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This disorder affects 8 to 12 million individuals in the United States, and is also increasingly prevalent in Europe and Asia (1–4). Unfortunately, most patients are not diagnosed and are not optimally treated. A blood test for PAD, if sufficiently sensitive and specific, would be expected to improve recognition and treatment of these individuals. Even a biomarker panel of moderate sensitivity and specificity for PAD could refine risk-stratification, so as select individuals for diagnostic vascular examination. Alternatively biomarkers for PAD may be useful in determining prognosis or the risk for progression, or in determining the response to therapy. Finally, the discovery of biomarkers associated with PAD may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of PAD, and new therapeutic avenues to pursue. Biomarkers may be derived from studies of the genome, transcriptome, proteome or metabolome. The focus of this review is on proteomic biomarkers associated with PAD.

Understanding the role of circulating chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 in patients with chronic ischemia threatening the lower extremities

“…22 We did not find significant difficulties in recalling past events and main exclusion criteria were acute ischemia, signs of infection, renal failure, liver disease, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. The number of patients recruited within our fixed term of 3 years (n=174) was higher than the minimal sample size required to analyze biological markers with this design, and taking into account the incidence and laboratory variability [6][7][8] (α=0.02, β=0.85; n=125). Diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were defined according to established criteria.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Therefore, the search for laboratory surrogates is a relevant pursuit. We aimed to increase our understanding of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in the overall inflammatory response observed in patients who develop chronic limb ischemia in order to identify associated factors [7][8][9][10][11][12] and to test the hypothesis that the expression of this chemokine and its receptors is increased in diseased arteries. This is based on our previous findings indicating that CCL2 and CCR2 (its cell surface receptor) are widely distributed in mice.…”

The Path to Personalized Cardiovascular Medicine

“…258,[281][282][283] Plasma proteomics using various MS-based technologies has recently been applied to identify protein biomarkers associated with CAD, peripheral artery disease (PAD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). [284][285][286][287] Urine MS proteomic analysis has revealed protein signatures specific for CAD. 288,289 This approach allows detecting CAD patients with high confidence and monitoring outcomes of therapeutic treatment.…”

Translational Bioinformatics Approaches to Drug Development

“…63,64 One of the key challenges facing the systematic integration of bioinformatic approaches with clinical medicine is the relative paucity of ''bilingual'' practitioners-computer scientists with a sense of front-line clinical priorities, and clinicians familiar with a broad range of computational tools and approaches. To remain current in any one field is a full-time undertaking, so dual trainees are still a limited resource.…”