Biomarkers of Pineal Region Tumors: A Review

Carr, Christopher; O’Neill, Brannan E.; Hochhalter, Christian B.; Strong, Michael J.; Ware, Marcus L.

doi:10.31486/toj.18.0110

Cited by 39 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In particular, yolk sac tumor and malignant teratoma (immature teratoma and teratoma with malignant transformation) are associated with increased concentrations of AFP. Meanwhile, choriocarcinoma is correlated to significantly elevated β-hCG levels [16, 18, 20, 21]. A diagnosis can be obtained based on the remarkably increased levels of tumor markers (β-hCG level >2,000 mIU/mL in choriocarcinoma and AFP level >2,000 ng/mL in yolk sac tumor) [9].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the concentration of AFP in the serum and CSF is higher in yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, and immature teratoma, an elevated AFP level indicates that the tumor is an NGGCT. Meanwhile, the concentration of β-hCG in the serum and CSF is high in choriocarcinoma and other types of germ cell tumor, including germinoma [16-21]. Therefore, it is challenging to identify whether the increase in β-hCG levels indicates germinoma or NGGCT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic Capability of Cerebrospinal Fluid-Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Value in Intracranial Germ Cell Tumor

et al. 2020

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Objective: Most types of intracranial germ cell tumors (IGCTs) are sensitive to chemoradiation. However, biopsy specimens are usually small and thus cannot be used for obtaining an accurate pathological diagnosis. Recently, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) value has been considered a new biomarker of IGCTs. The present study aimed to evaluate the discriminatory characteristics of the CSF-PLAP value upon diagnosis and at the time of recurrence in patients with IGCTs. Methods: Between 2015 and 2019, this study included 37 patients with tumors located in the intraventricular and/or periventricular region. The CSF-PLAP level was assessed before the patients received any treatment. The PLAP level was evaluated during and after first-line chemoradiotherapy in 7 patients with IGCTs. The CSF-PLAP values were compared according to histological diagnosis, and the correlation between these values and radiographical features was assessed. The CSF-PLAP values of 6 patients with IGCTs with suspected recurrence were evaluated based on neuroimaging findings. Results: The CSF-PLAP values were significantly higher in patients with IGCTs than in those with other types of brain tumor (n = 19 vs. 18; median: 359.0 vs. <8.0 pg/mL). The specificity and sensitivity were 88 and 95%, respectively, with a cutoff value of 8.0 pg/mL. In patients with IGCT, the CSF-PLAP value was higher in patients with germinoma than in those with nongerminomatous germ cell tumors (n = 12 vs. 7; median: 415.0 vs. 359.0 pg/mL). Regarding the time course, the CSF-PLAP value decreased to below the detection limit after the reception of first-line chemoradiotherapy in all 7 patients. A significant correlation was observed between the initial CSF-PLAP value and the tumor reduction volume after receiving first-line chemoradiotherapy (p < 0.0003, R2 = 0.6165, logY = 1.202logX – 1.727). Among the patients with suspected IGCT recurrence (n = 6), the CSF-PLAP value was high in patients with recurrence (n = 3; median: 259.0 pg/mL), and that in patients (n = 3) without recurrence was below the lower detection limit. Conclusions: The CSF-PLAP level is a useful biomarker during the initial diagnosis of IGCTs and at the time of recurrence. It may be associated with the volume of germinomatous components of tumors.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Capability of Cerebrospinal Fluid-Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Value in Intracranial Germ Cell Tumor

et al. 2020

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“…Pineal neoplasms are fairly uncommon tumors, and they are predominantly childhood malignancies representing 3–11% of all pediatric brain tumors compared to <1% of brain tumors in adults [ 1 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Age, sex, and ethnicity may modulate the relative incidence of pineal neoplasms [ 21 ].…”

Section: Pineal Gland Tumorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pineal gland is a pinecone-shaped neuroendocrine gland located in the epithalamus that participates in the biological rhythm regulation of vertebrates. The gland projects posteriorly and inferiorly into the quadrigeminal cistern, and the anatomic boundaries include the backside of the third ventricle wall forming the gland’s base, the splenium of the corpus callosum superiorly, and the thalamus surrounding both sides [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Figure 1 shows the location of the pineal gland in the human brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pineal gland possesses two populations of cells: about 95% are pinealocytes with dendritic processes, and the other 5% are neuroglial supporting cells that resemble astrocytes. Both these types of cells can form neoplasms, as well as residual germ cells from primordial neural crest cell migration and cells derived from nearby structures [ 1 , 2 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. The pineal gland may, unfortunately, harbor a variety of neurosurgical diseases such as pineal cysts, different pineal tumors, and vascular malformations, including cavernous, arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pineal Gland Tumors: A Review

Favero

Bonomini

Rezzani

2021

Cancers

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The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped endocrine gland that participates in the biological rhythm regulation of vertebrates. The recognized major product of the pineal gland is melatonin—a multifunctional endogenous indoleamine. Accumulating evidence suggests that the pineal gland is important for preserving ideal health conditions in vertebrate. Tumors of the pineal region account for approximately 3–11% of pediatric brain neoplasms but fewer than 1% of brain neoplasms in adults. It is fundamental to expand advanced imaging techniques together with both clinical and laboratory knowledge, to help to differentiate among pineal neoplasms and thus facilitate accurate primary diagnoses and proper therapeutic interventions. In this review, we report the gross anatomy of the pineal gland and its functional significance and discuss the clinical relevance of pineal gland tumors, underlining the importance of identifying the leading causes of pineal region masses.

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Elucidation and control of low and high active populations of alkaline phosphatase molecules for quantitative digital bioassay

et al. 2021

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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a homo-dimeric enzyme has been widely used in various bioassays as disease markers and enzyme probes. Recent advancements of digital bioassay revolutionized ALP-based diagnostic assays as seen in rapid growth of digital ELISA and the emerging multiplex profiling of single-molecule ALP isomers.However, the intrinsic heterogeneity found among ALP molecules hampers the ALP-based quantitative digital bioassays. This study aims quantitative analysis of single-molecule activities of ALP from Escherichia coli and reveals the static heterogeneity in catalytic activity of ALP with two distinct populations: half-active and fully-active portions. Digital assays with serial buffer exchange uncovered singlemolecule Michaelis-Menten kinetics of ALP; half-active molecules have halved values of the catalytic turnover rate, k cat , and the rate constant of productive binding, k on , of the fully active molecules. These findings suggest that half-active ALP molecules are heterogenic dimers composed of inactive and active monomer units, while fully active ALP molecules comprise two active units. Static heterogeneity was also observed for ALP with other origins: calf intestine or shrimp, showing how the findings can be generalized across species. Cell-free expression of ALP with disulfide bond enhancer and spiked zinc ion resulted in homogenous population of ALP of full activity, implying that inactive monomer units of ALP are deficient in correct disulfide bond formation and zinc ion coordination. These findings provide basis for further study on molecular mechanism and biogenesis of ALP, and also offer the way to prepare homogenous and active populations of ALP for highly quantitative and sensitive bioassays with ALP.

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Biomarkers of Pineal Region Tumors: A Review

Cited by 39 publications

References 50 publications

Diagnostic Capability of Cerebrospinal Fluid-Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Value in Intracranial Germ Cell Tumor

Diagnostic Capability of Cerebrospinal Fluid-Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Value in Intracranial Germ Cell Tumor

Pineal Gland Tumors: A Review

Elucidation and control of low and high active populations of alkaline phosphatase molecules for quantitative digital bioassay

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