“…7–9 Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to develop non-precious metal carbon-based ORR/OER electrocatalysts, such as transition metal oxides/alloys, metal-free carbon-based catalysts, etc. 10–14 Among the various metal-free carbon-based materials, N-doped metal-free carbon-based catalysts (NC-MFCs) are considered to be one of the most promising candidates. 15,16 Reliance on precursor or template (carbon nanotubes, 17 graphenes, 18 carbon fibers, 19 MOFs, 20 Al 2 O 3 , 21 SiO 2 , 22 etc. )…”