Biomaterial composed of chitosan, riboflavin and hydroxyapatite for bone tissue regeneration

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering is an ongoing field of research due to the existing of burning needs in restoration and reconstruction of damaged bone. Numerous studies have shown the development of the biomaterials based on the hydroxyapatite, major component of bones. Biomaterials engineering approaches involve using a combination of miscellaneous bioactive molecules which may promote cell proliferation, and thus, forming a scaffold with the environment which favor the regeneration process. Chitosan, naturally occurring biodegradable polymer, possess some essential features, i.e biodegradability, biocompatibility, and in solid phase good porosity, which may be contributed to promote cell adhesion. Moreover, doping the materials with other biocompounds, will create a unique and multifunctional scaffold useful in regenerative medicine. Riboflavin is an essential water-soluble vitamin, which participates in numerous biological process, such as transport, cell development and reproduction. Therefore, this study is focused on the manufacturing of the composite materials based on the hydroxyapatite, chitosan and riboflavin. Scanning electron microscopy showed the porosity of the composite biomaterial, important factor which can affect cell ingrowth and new bone formation. The infrared spectroscopy demonstrated chemical interlinking between hydroxyapatite and chitosan phases as well as no evidence for chemical interaction between RF and the CS-HAP scaffold. This may alter physical and chemical properties of the scaffold towards better performance in potential regenerative applications, particularly, when the matrix is supplemented with RF. Indeed, in vitro experiments showed that the riboflavin increased the cell proliferation and migration of the fibroblasts and osteosarcoma cells. Due to the urgent need of development of material with a potential to prevent of implant-associated infections, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the composite were determined. The composite material showed the inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and exhibited higher antioxidant activity compare to pure chitosan. The antibacterial effect may be due to the generation of ROS level. Moreover, the riboflavin photochemical treatment with blue LED light enhanced the ROS level, which could be a more accessible and safe practice to treat the implant-associated infections. All things considered, incorporating riboflavin into the biocomposite scaffolds may accelerate new bone regeneration.