Biomechanical analysis of primate bipedal walking by computer simulation

Yamazaki, Nobutoshi; Ishida, Hidemi; Kimura, T.; Okada, Morihiko

doi:10.1016/0047-2484(79)90057-5

Cited by 74 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The results for the chimpanzee model were because of both relatively weak dorsiflexors and relatively strong plantar flexors (based on PCSA) when compared with data from humans (Ward et al, 2009). Nevertheless, the total maximum isometric joint moments predicted at the hip, knee and ankle all exceed inverse dynamic estimates of the peak joint moments in chimpanzee bipedal and quadrupedal walking (Yamazaki, 1985;Thorpe et al, 2004; see also Sockol et al, 2007), suggesting that the chimpanzee model is sufficiently strong to simulate locomotion. Further, the plateaus of the hip, knee and ankle extension strength curves (Fig.…”

Section: Model Predictions and Sensitivitiesmentioning

confidence: 90%

A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) pelvis and hind limb

O’Neill

Lee

Larson

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

145

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SUMMARYMusculoskeletal models have become important tools for studying a range of muscle-driven movements. However, most work has been in modern humans, with few applications in other species. Chimpanzees are facultative bipeds and our closest living relatives, and have provided numerous important insights into our own evolution. A chimpanzee musculoskeletal model would allow integration across a wide range of laboratory-based experimental data, providing new insights into the determinants of their locomotor performance capabilities, as well as the origins and evolution of human bipedalism. Here, we described a detailed three-dimensional (3D) musculoskeletal model of the chimpanzee pelvis and hind limb. The model includes geometric representations of bones and joints, as well as 35 muscle-tendon units that were represented using 44 Hill-type muscle models. Muscle architecture data, such as muscle masses, fascicle lengths and pennation angles, were drawn from literature sources. The model permits calculation of 3D muscle moment arms, muscle-tendon lengths and isometric muscle forces over a wide range of joint positions. Muscle-tendon moment arms predicted by the model were generally in good agreement with tendon-excursion estimates from cadaveric specimens. Sensitivity analyses provided information on the parameters that model predictions are most and least sensitive to, which offers important context for interpreting future results obtained with the model. Comparisons with a similar human musculoskeletal model indicate that chimpanzees are better suited for force production over a larger range of joint positions than humans. This study represents an important step in understanding the integrated function of the neuromusculoskeletal systems in chimpanzee locomotion.

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Section: Model Predictions and Sensitivitiesmentioning

confidence: 90%

A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) pelvis and hind limb

O’Neill

Lee

Larson

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Dogs, however, do not adopt bipedal walking in their habitual locomotion. The rela tive energy cost of human bipedal walking in normal speed is much less than that of bipedal non-human primates [8], or that of the generalized quadrupedal locomotion of mammals of similar body size [13,15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centre of Gravity of the Body during the Ontogeny of Chimpanzee Bipedal Walking

Kimura

1996

IJFP

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Bipedal walking was studied in chimpanzees between 1 and 19 years of age by measuring the external energy generated by the movement of the centre of gravity of the body. The ‘recovery’ of external energy in infant chimpanzees less than five years of age is smaller than in juveniles from 5 to 19 years of age. During the single stance phase, the short, flexed hindlimb of chimpanzees younger than 5 years is not able to lift the body centre of gravity high enough, so that these infants have a considerable energy output during bipedal walking. Extension of the hindlimb is one of the bases for energy economy in human bipedalism. The development of this low-energy-cost mechanism is an important component of the evolution of human bipedalism.

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“…Bipedal walking of non-human primates has been well studied in the field of physical anthropology [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and, among these, we have examined bipedal walking in bipedally trained Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The acquisition of bipedal walking in an inherently quadrupedal primate could be regarded as a modern analogue for the evolution of bipedal walking, thereby offering an interesting model for understanding the evolution of human bipedalism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planar covariation of limb elevation angles during bipedal walking in the Japanese macaque

Ogihara

Kikuchi

Ishiguro

et al. 2012

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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We investigated the planar covariation of lower limb segment elevation angles during bipedal walking in macaques to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the origin and evolution of the planar law in human walking. Two Japanese macaques and four adult humans walking on a treadmill were recorded, and the time course of the elevation angles at the thigh, shank and foot segments relative to the vertical axis were calculated. Our analyses indicated that the planar law also applies to macaque bipedal walking. However, planarity was much lower in macaques, and orientations of the plane differed between the two species because of differences in the foot elevation angle. The human foot is rigidly structured to form a longitudinal arch, whereas the macaque's foot is more flexible and bends at the midtarsal region in the stance phase. This difference in midfoot flexibility between the two species studied was the main source of the difference in the planar law. Thus, the evolution of a stable midfoot in early hominins may have preceded the acquisition of the strong planar intersegmental coordination and possibly facilitated the subsequent emergence of habitual bipedal walking in the human lineage.

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Biomechanical analysis of primate bipedal walking by computer simulation

Cited by 74 publications

References 17 publications

A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) pelvis and hind limb

A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) pelvis and hind limb

Centre of Gravity of the Body during the Ontogeny of Chimpanzee Bipedal Walking

Planar covariation of limb elevation angles during bipedal walking in the Japanese macaque

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