Biomechanical Analysis of Standing Long Jump From Varying Starting Positions

Abstract

The purpose of this study was (a) to investigate the effect of the different foot movement (placement) during take-off and the initial knee joint angle used in standing long jump by the ground reaction forces analysis and 3-dimensional motion analysis (BTS SMART motion) and (b) investigate how the jump performances of different foot placement is related to the electromyography (EMG) activity (Noraxon) of 3 selected muscle groups (m. gastrocnemius, m. gluteus maximus, m. rectus femoris, m. tibialis anterior, m. biceps femoris, and m. vastus medialis). Six high caliber sprinters (100 m: 10.87 ± 0.38 seconds and 400 m: 46.75 ± 1.05 seconds) performed a series of jumps from parallel and straddle foot placement at take-off on a 2 force platform (Kistler model 9286B) to determine if a different pattern of take-off improves jumping distance. Using kinematic and kinetic data, the knee joint angle, the trajectories of center of mass (COM), magnitude of take-off peak force, and impulse during take-off phase were calculated. Average standing long jump performances with straddle foot placement were 13.58 cm (5.18%) above that from parallel feet placement. The take-off velocity with 90° knee initial angle initiation of take-off was not different (1.18 and 1.17 m·s, respectively) between the 2 jumps. The take-off angles on the COM trajectory also showed differences (69.87 and 66.8°, respectively) between each other. The contribution (EMG activation) made by the 6 muscles were almost the same during all phases for the 2 jumps; however, some differences can be found, in either unilateral (single leg) or sums of both legs (bilateral) measurements. A recommendation can be formulated that the contribution of straddle foot placement during take-off can significantly increase the value of power measurement especially when the evaluation requires a complex movement structure with the division on the left and right legs, for example, sprint start from block.

Selected Determinants of Acceleration in the 100m Sprint

“…An application of vertical and horizontal types of jumping exercises could contribute to longer SL ( Coh and Mackala, 2013 ; Kotzamanidis, 2003 ; Mackala et al, 2012 ). However, a strong relationship between these variables has not been established in athletes ( Farrar and Thorland, 1987 ), which is consistent with our research.…”

The Effects of a Six-week Plyometric Training Program on the Stiffness of Anterior and Posterior Muscles of the Lower Leg in Male Volleyball Players

“…The applied training program comprised dynamic exercises with higher loads (because of the preparatory training period of the volleyball players) which significantly shorten the ground contact time of the foot and improve jumping quality. During swinging movements, as Maćkała (Mackala, Stodolka, Siemienski, Coh, 2013) claim, the most active are the rectus femoris muscle and the tibialis anterior muscle.…”

Jumping Performance and Lower Limb Kinematic Analysis Among Children with Down Syndrome

“…However, the significant finding of our study on the hip ROM during take-off had been agreed by previous studies. During the jumping movement, the selection of the take-off angle of the lower trunk flexion on hip angle besides lower knee angle promotes the jumping performance (Fernandez-Santos et al, 2018;Mackala, Stodółka, Siemienski, & Ćoh, 2013) analysis on the developmental jumping movement with the age-factor determinant among typically developing children with key variable of take-off angle (Fernandez-Santos et al, 2018) had found that it was significantly correlated in the movement evaluation of horizontal distance (r = .276; p <.01). Otherwise, the current study finding of hip-knee plots may not give strong impression the significant hip angle of take-off phase across the groups.…”