Biomechanical analysis of the late approach and the take off in the indoor women’s long jump

Abstract

Aim of the study was to provide evidence concerning the biomechanical parameters of contemporary Women's long jump in indoor competition. The final six steps and the take-off of 11 jumps (6.88 ± 0.23 m) were recorded (panning camera; sampling frequency: 300 fps) in an indoor competition. The examined parameters were a) the step parameters, the percentage distribution of adjustment (ADJ%) and the inter-limb symmetry angle (θSYM) in the late approach, b) the joint angles and the take-off parameters. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that approach velocity (9.8 ± 0.3 m/s) was significantly correlated (r = .86, p = .001) with effective distance (6.96 ± 0.23 m). The largest ADJ% (57.6 %) was executed at the penultimate step which was 12.2 ± 2.8 % larger than the last step. An inter-limb difference was revealed for step frequency (t10 = 6.965, p < .001) due to the large asymmetry observed (θSYM = 5.54 deg). The knee angle of the push-off leg at take-off was 171.2 ± 4.7deg. Resultant velocity (8.3 ± 0.4 m/s), height (1.15 ± 0.05 m) and angle (20.7 ± 2.3 deg) of take-off significantly predicted effective distance (F3,7 = 12.671, p = .003, R 2 = .844). The present findings are in reasonable agreement with previous research. Future studies should examine the possible reliance and asymmetry for the step parameters in the final approach.

Inter-Limb Asymmetry in the Kinematic Parameters of the Long Jump Approach Run in Female Paralympic-Level Class T63/T64 Athletes

“…Past research suggests that the velocity at the late approach should be increased relying on the increment of SF [5] and that female jumpers favor this mechanism more than male jumpers [9]. In general, SF seems to demonstrate a greater prevalence of asymmetry in female long jumpers than in male jumpers [55]. Thus, in the case of the examined T63/64 female long jumpers, the asymmetry in SF imposed by the difference in the mechanical properties between the lower limbs could have led to increases in SL to maintain SV, which resulted in the absence of significant differences and asymmetry in SL and SV.…”

Step regulation in Paralympic long jumpers with intellectual impairment

“…During the "zeroing in" phase to the board, IIJ opted for a more proportionate distribution (53.5%) of the accumulated error as opposed to the NIJ athletes who preferred eujapa.upol.cz a bulky correction over the last two steps (85.5%), a response which paradoxically is observed among experienced long jumpers (Hay, 1988;Panoutsakopoulos et al, 2021). To optimize the biomechanics of the take-off, it is likely that NIJ were more reliant on the event's technical requirements, where the last step must be the shortest and the second-tolast step must be the longest of the final approach (Hay, 1986).…”

“…To optimize the biomechanics of the take-off, it is likely that NIJ were more reliant on the event's technical requirements, where the last step must be the shortest and the second-tolast step must be the longest of the final approach (Hay, 1986). As a result, the task of regulating the step length to accurately conduct the foot placement on the board is performed concurrently with the task of adjusting the step length at the last two steps (Panoutsakopoulos et al, 2021). The simultaneous execution of both tasks under the constraint of maximum speed requires a high level of information processing which is acquired by manipulating key perceptual information sources in training.…”

Selected factors for triple jump preparation: A case study of an Olympic silver medalist

“…Distance lost at the board, percentage of legal trials, footfall variability, and percentage distribution of step length adjustment (ADJ%) were studied. 35 Phase ratios. The phase ratio, a measure of effort distribution in the triple jump, 36 was used to categorize techniques, as described by Hay 37 : "(a) Hop-dominated, in which the Hop percentage is at least 2% greater than the next longer phase; (b) Jump-dominated, in which the Jump percentage is at least 2% greater than the next longer phase; and (c) Balanced technique, in which the difference between the two longest phase percentages is less than 2%.…”

“…Distance lost at the board, percentage of legal trials, footfall variability, and percentage distribution of step length adjustment (ADJ%) were studied. 35…”