Biomechanical Aspects of Osteochondral Regeneration: Implications and Strategies for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting

Advances in Regenerative Sports Medicine Research

“…To achieve a breakthrough in osteochondral regeneration, we must focus on preparing integrated bionic scaffolds that accurately simulate the microenvironment of osteochondral regeneration, and solve the following key scientific problems: 1) accurate simulation of 3D shapes, multi gradient structures, regional specific matrix components, and the microenvironment factors of joints to prepare a bionic osteochondral scaffold (Choe, et al, 2021;Lee, et al, 2021;Liu, et al, 2021); 2) achievement of osteochondral tissue regeneration and biological joint construction in vitro; and 3) realization of the industrialization of integrated bionic stents and clinical transformations of the biological joints. The accumulation of separate tissue regeneration research for the cartilage and bone and the application of emerging cutting-edge technologies in recent years has facilitated breakthroughs regarding these technical problems.…”

Multiphasic scaffolds for the repair of osteochondral defects: Outcomes of preclinical studies

“…This was a proof-of-concept study to show that it was possible to create a customised implant, but opened up exciting possibilities for developing personalised treatments for osteochondral injuries. To generate more anatomically similar osteochondral tissue with correct spatial distribution of cells and ECM, 3D bioprinting is being increasingly employed, although this method imposes more restrictions on material choices and fabrication conditions to ensure cell viability after printing [ 162 ].…”

New technologies for tissue replacement

“…Although 3D bioprinting research of skin seems to have advanced furthest towards a potential everyday clinical application, the opportunities of this technique do not stop there. Good examples here are the 3D (re) construction of cartilage and osseous structures (369)(370)(371)(372)(373)(374); the bioprinting of cardiovascular structures like cardiac tissue, arteries and vessels (375)(376)(377)(378); or even a combination of the above (i.e., a complete pre-vascularised implant for the repair of critically sized bone defects) (379). Even further reaching, unimaginable regenerative therapeutic potential is demonstrated by the work of Koffler et al, who investigated 3D-printed scaffolds loaded with neural progenitor cells that supported successful axon regeneration and the formation of new neural relays across sites of complete spinal cord injury in vivo in rodents (380).…”