Biomechanically Influenced Differences in O2 Extraction in Diagonal Skiing

Björklund, Glenn; Stöggl, Thomas; Holmberg, Hans‐Christer

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181da4339

Cited by 31 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Our current findings are consistent with previous reports that O 2 extraction is lower in the arms than in the legs during both DIA (Calbet et al., ; Björklund et al., ) and DP (Calbet et al., ). Compared with the observations of Calbet et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…After a 10‐min warm‐up at 60% of VO 2peak , each subject performed DP on an incline of 1° for 3 min at 90% of VO 2peak (race speed), followed by 6 min at 70% of VO 2peak [moderate intensity shown earlier to allow recovery in well‐trained cross‐country skiers using DIA (Björklund et al., , )].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been demonstrated that during cycling, O 2 extraction in the vastus lateralis appears not to be influenced by pedaling frequency (Ferreira et al., ). Moreover, we recently demonstrated that with DIA, higher activation of muscles in the arms and longer contact of the poles than of the legs with the ground lowered O 2 extraction and elevated blood levels of lactate in the arms (Björklund et al., ). In addition, we found that more pronounced reduction in muscle activation and pole force as exercise intensity was decreased promoted more rapid lactate recovery in the arms than in the legs (Björklund et al., ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations have focused on different strategies for recovery (Hermansen & Stensvold, ; McGrail et al., ). In the case of cross‐country skiing, much is already known concerning DIA (Björklund et al., , ), but recovery from high‐intensity DP skiing might demonstrate different responses because the propulsion cannot be redistributed between the upper and lower body muscles to the same extent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical determinants of oxygen extraction during cross‐country skiing

Stöggl

Björklund

Holmberg

2012

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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To determine the relationship of muscle activation, force production, and cycle characteristics to O(2) extraction during high- and lower-intensity double poling (DP), nine well-trained male cross-country skiers performed DP on a treadmill for 3 min at 90% VO(2peak) followed by 6 min at 70%. During the final minute at each workload, arterial, femoral, and subclavian venous blood were collected for determination of partial pressure of O(2), partial pressure of CO(2), pH, and lactate. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from six upper and lower body muscles, leg and pole forces were measured, and cardiorespiratory variables were monitored continuously. O(2) extraction was associated with time point of peak pole force (PF(peak)), duration of recovery, EMG activity, and lower body use. Arm O(2) extraction was lower than in the legs at both intensities (P < 0.001) and was reduced to a lesser extent upon decreasing the workload (P < 0.05). Arm root-mean-square EMG was higher during the poling phase and entire cycle compared with the legs (P < 0.001). Blood lactate was higher in the subclavian than in femoral vein and artery (P < 0.001) and independent of intensity. O(2) extraction was correlated to low muscle activation, later PF(peak) , prolonged poling time, and extensive dynamic lower body use. Cycle rate and recovery time were associated with O(2) extraction during high-intensity exercise only.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical determinants of oxygen extraction during cross‐country skiing

Stöggl

Björklund

Holmberg

2012

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Most of these studies were carried out in simulated conditions1, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 ) . However, few studies have examined how muscular fatigue affects performance in a natural environment for complex movements, such as XC races12,13,14,15 ) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of prolonged racing on muscle activity and spatiotemporal variables: double-poling technique

et al. 2017

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a 40-minute race on muscle activity and spatiotemporal cycle variables at four-time points during a 12-km roller skiing test using the double-poling technique. [Subjects and Methods] Five elite cross-country (XC) skiers on the Korean National reserve team participated in the study. Part of a biathlon course that consisted of both flat land and slopes was selected, and three measurements were recorded after every 4-km lap. Spatiotemporal variables, mean frequency and mean amplitude of 6 muscles were the chosen computational parameters. [Results] Significant differences were observed in cycle time and rate. The mean frequency of the upper-body muscles exhibited declining trends, with statistically significant differences for the triceps brachii. In addition, there were significant differences in the mean amplitude of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius. The activity of the triceps brachii, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius showed some degree of dependence on the technique. [Conclusion] Training and race strategies that improve the function of elbow extensors and ankle dorsiflexors are important in XC skiing; the application of roller-ski training research to actual XC skiing competitions is needed.

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