Biomechanics of Overarm Throwing Movements and of Throwing Injuries

Atwater, Anne E.

doi:10.1249/00003677-197900070-00004

Cited by 200 publications

(121 citation statements)

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“…Using electromyographic and cinematographic analyses, detailed muscle involvement and joint movement have been well documented in the area of pitching (6,8,9,13,19,20,21,22,29,30). Similar analyses involving the tennis serve, however, are not as detailed or numerous in the literature (15,16,18,35,39,41).…”

Section: Comparison Of the Stages Of Pitching And Servingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar analyses involving the tennis serve, however, are not as detailed or numerous in the literature (15,16,18,35,39,41). Due to the striking similarities of the pitch and serving motion, the four major stages of pitching (wind-up, cocking, acceleration, and follow-through) (8,20,29,30) are commonly extrapolated to also describe the stages of the tennis serve (6,10,35,37,39). However, given the repetitive nature of the pitch and serving motion within each sport, the differences seen in timing of muscle patterning (3,26,34,41) and joint movement between the two types of athletes may cause muscle and joint stresses to develop in different ways.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Stages Of Pitching And Servingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pitcher develops anterior momentum by initially stepping back on his right leg and allowing the left leg to flex at the hip and knee in preparation for a long forward stride during the cocking stage (1,7,8,20). The pitcher's right leg is now solely responsible for generating anterior and vertical ground reaction forces (6) in the following sequences of pitching. The lifting of the left leg also allows for a full "coiling" of the trunk to occur.…”

Section: Possible Mechanisms Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In both athletes, the cocking stage is characterized by the generation of power starting from ground reaction forces (6,8,24,25). The accumulation of power is enhanced by muscle groups activating the stretchshortening cycle at appropriate times during this stage.…”

Section: Activation Of the Stretch-shortening Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A dynamic kinetic chain is formed when the coordination of separate body segments occurs in specific sequences (6,16,17,25). The dynamic kinetic chain begins in the lower extremities and moves to the right upper extremity during the pitch and serve.…”

Section: Synchronization Of the Stretchshortening Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of Neck and Shoulder Injuries in Tennis Players

Lee¹

1995

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Section: Comparison Of the Stages Of Pitching And Servingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of the Stages Of Pitching And Servingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Possible Mechanisms Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Activation Of the Stretch-shortening Cyclementioning

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Section: Synchronization Of the Stretchshortening Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of Neck and Shoulder Injuries in Tennis Players

Lee¹

1995

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Biomechanics of Strength and Strength Training

Zatsiorsky¹

2003

Strength and Power in Sport

148

133

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The objective of this lecture is to systematize and convey biomechanical knowledge to athletic practitioners, specifically coaches.By definition, strength, or muscular strength, is the ability to exert maximal external force.Three main problems exist in strength conditioning for qualified athletes: 1. Exercise selection -which exercises should be used by the athlete; 2. Training load, in particular training intensity and volume; and 3. Training timing, i.e. the distribution of the exercises and load over the time periods. The problem of the exercise selection only, in particular its biomechanical aspects, is covered in this lecture. EXERCISE SPECIFlCITY. As adaptations effects are specific, the exercises employed in training need to correspond with the main spon exercise. The degree of this correspondence, or similarity, is called specijicay of the training exercise. The specificity of training directly reflects its efficiency and deserves thoughtful attention by the coach. A main tendency in the modern training of elite athletes is the increased percentage of specific exercises. Contemporary sport training is, in general, more specific than training in the past.In various sports, exercise specificity is determined by different factors. In strength and power sports, the movement coordination, in the broad sense of this term, is scrutinized. Main sport exercises with additional resistanceRequirements for the exercise specificity are best met when the main sport movement, with increased (added) resistance, is used for training.Resistance in athletic events can be increased in various ways.(a) Add i t ion a I w e i g h t. Implements of heavier weight such as weight vests, belts, hand cuffs, ankle cuffs, etc. may be worn. While this approach is simple, it should be noted that the demand for the venical force (acting against gravity) principally increases with supplementary weight. Exercising with additional weight requires that force is exerted in an inappropriate direction, i.e.too venically.(b) Up h i J I a m b u I a t ion (running, walking, skiing, etc). This practice is limited by the possible changes in spon technique.(c) Re tar din g the at hie t e 's pro g res S ion; for example, running with a harness, towing a sled, or a pulley machine with a weight stack. These methods are cumbersome in that the equipment is bulky and heavy.(d) I n c rea sed a e rod y n a mic res i s tan c e. This method is very popular among elite athletes in spons such as speed Skating, running, and others. Small parachutes are used for this pU!1'0se. When the athlete runs, the parachute inflates, which creates a drag force. The higher the running velocity, the greater the resistance force. Assistance exercisesA variety of strength exercises, beyond the main sport exercise, are used in the training routines of athletes. The selection of strength exercises for qualified athletes is J

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Evolutionary transformation of the hominin shoulder

Larson¹

2007

Evolutionary Anthropology

105

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Biomechanics of Overarm Throwing Movements and of Throwing Injuries

Cited by 200 publications

References 0 publications

Mechanisms of Neck and Shoulder Injuries in Tennis Players

Mechanisms of Neck and Shoulder Injuries in Tennis Players

Biomechanics of Strength and Strength Training

Evolutionary transformation of the hominin shoulder

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