Biomechanics of the Spine

Kowalski, Robert J.; Ferrara, Lisa; Benzel, Edward C.

doi:10.1097/01.wnq.0000152406.39871.8e

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Similarly, the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) limits the movement of the spine in flexion [4,13]. In addition, longitudinal ligaments (ALL and PLL) are much stiffer than the other ligaments (such as ligamentum flavum): longitudinal ligaments are closer to the neutral bending axes and so in order to provide the same moment, the stiffness must be greater [2,31,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Assessment of the Non-Linear Response of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Spine during Flexion and Extension

et al. 2020

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While the non-linear behavior of spine segments has been extensively investigated in the past, the behavior of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) and its contribution during flexion and extension has never been studied considering the spine as a whole. The aims of the present study were to exploit Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to: (I) characterize the strain distribution on the ALL during flexion-extension, (II) compare the strain on specific regions of interest (ROI) of the ALL in front of the vertebra and of the intervertebral disc, (III) analyze the non-linear relationship between the surface strain and the imposed rotation and the resultant moment. Three specimens consisting of 6 functional spinal units (FSUs) were tested in flexion-extension. The full-field strain maps were measured on the surface of the ALL, and the most strained areas were investigated in detail. The DIC-measured strains showed different values of peak strain in correspondence with the vertebra and the disc but the average over the ROIs was of the same order of magnitude. The strain-moment curves showed a non-linear response like the moment-angle curves: in flexion the slope of the strain-moment curve was greater than in extension and with a more abrupt change of slope. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study addressing, by means of a full-field strain measurement, the non-linear contribution of the ALL to spine biomechanics. This study was limited to only three specimens; hence the results must be taken with caution. This information could be used in the future to build more realistic numerical models of the spine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Assessment of the Non-Linear Response of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Spine during Flexion and Extension

et al. 2020

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“…In the lumbar region, the significant deviations are a tendency for dorsal heights of the lower lumbar vertebral bodies to decrease below L2. 4 Lumbar vertebra has kidney shaped body, wider transversely than the anteroposterior depth and height. The fifth lumbar vertebra is a transitional vertebra and differs from the rest of the lumbar vertebrae, in that it has a wedge shaped body 5 which is the largest and is markedly deeper anteriorly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Study of Lumbar Vertebrae in Central Indian Population and Its Clinical Importance

Agichani¹,

Joshi²,

S³

2018

jemds

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BACKGROUND Low back pain is a major health problem. This is due to inadequate adaptation in lumbar part of vertebral column commensurate with evolution of bipedal gait. Adequate morphometric information about the bodies of lumbar vertebrae is essential to neuro and spinal surgeons for various operative procedures of the spine. So, the present study aims to provide data of anterior and posterior heights of bodies of lumbar vertebrae in Central Indians.

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“…The most common levels for PLIF are the L4-5 and L5-S1 segments. These two segments, however, differ in their anatomical and biomechanical aspects 13 19 27) . The fusion rates of individual segments have not been sufficiently studied yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Radiographic Analysis of Fusion Rate between L4-5 and L5-S1 in a Single Level Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

et al. 2015

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate radiographic fusion rates at L4-5 and L5-S1 after single level posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and evaluate the relationship between fusion rates and preoperative disc slope angle (DSA), lumbar lordosis (LL), segmental angle (SA), and pelvic parameters.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent single level PLIF at L4-5 or L5-S1 during May 2003-December 2012 at our institution. 73 patients were finally enrolled. Fusion was assessed by use of the Brantigan-Steffee classification, less than 2mm translation and less than 5° motion on the flexion-extension lateral radiographs. We analyzed the radiographic fusion rates, risk factors, and relationship of fusion rates with DSA, LL, SA, and pelvic parameters.ResultsThere were 59 patients (80.8%) in the L4-5 group and 14 (19.2%) in L5-S1 (average follow-up, 34 months). The radiographic fusion rates were 89.8% in the L4-5 group (53/59) and 42.9% in L5-S1 (6/14) (p<0.001).The preoperative DSA was significantly lesser in the L4-5 group than in the L5-S1 group (13.1±8.1° vs. 27.2±6.7°, p<0.001). The LL, SA, and pelvic parameters were not related with radiographic fusion rates in both groups. Risk factors for non-union were not identified between the two groups except for the surgery level (p<0.001).ConclusionThe radiographic fusion rate at L5-S1 was less than half that at L4-5 after single level PLIF. This may be due to the anatomical and biomechanical differences between the two levels. More vigorous effort to achieve successful fusion at L5-S1 should be considered.

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Biomechanics of the Spine

Abstract: The field of modern biomechanics has deep historical

Cited by 23 publications

References 39 publications

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Assessment of the Non-Linear Response of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Spine during Flexion and Extension

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Assessment of the Non-Linear Response of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Spine during Flexion and Extension

Morphometric Study of Lumbar Vertebrae in Central Indian Population and Its Clinical Importance

A Comparative Radiographic Analysis of Fusion Rate between L4-5 and L5-S1 in a Single Level Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

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