Biomedical applications of 2D monoelemental materials formed by group VA and VIA: a concise review

Abstract

The development of two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental nanomaterials (Xenes) for biomedical applications has generated intensive interest over these years. In this paper, the biomedical applications using Xene-based 2D nanomaterials formed by group VA (e.g., BP, As, Sb, Bi) and VIA (e.g., Se, Te) are elaborated. These 2D Xene-based theranostic nanoplatforms confer some advantages over conventional nanoparticle-based systems, including better photothermal conversion, excellent electrical conductivity, and large surface area. Their versatile and remarkable features allow their implementation for bioimaging and theranostic purposes. This concise review is focused on the current developments in 2D Xenes formed by Group VA and VIA, covering the synthetic methods and various biomedical applications. Lastly, the challenges and future perspectives of 2D Xenes are provided to help us better exploit their excellent performance and use them in practice.

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications

“…The synthesis/fabrication of 2D materials can be mainly categorized as two top-down and bottom-up methods. The top-down method relies on mechanical forces to destroy the weak van der Waals interaction between layers to obtain a single or multilayer nanometer sheets, such as mechanical cleavage and liquid exfoliation [ 1 , 10 , 41 ].…”

“…In direct liquid exfoliation, the bulk crystal is firstly dispersed in a specific medium such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP). Under sonication, the ultrasonic wave can generate cavitation bubbles and high-speed microjets through hydroxyl radical or pyrolysis reaction on the surface of the crystal [ 1 ]. Then, tensile forces appear to remove the van der Waals force between the layers.…”

“…Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs) received remarkable attention within the scientific communities as a class of new nanomaterials in recent years. 2DNMs, which range from nanometer to micrometer scales, have one or a few atomic thicknesses and are one of the most promising materials for biomedical applications owing to their special structure and unique properties [ 1 , 2 ]. A critical milestone in the expansion of 2DNMs was the discovery of graphene [ 3 ].…”

Biomaterials and nanomedicine for bone regeneration: Progress and future prospects

“…Two‐dimensional (2D) materials such as photothermal therapeutic agents have found a wide of applications in nanomedicine. [ 46–57 ] Black phosphorus (BP), is an emerging 2D crystalline material with a unique layered structure, holding great promise for bone regeneration due to its excellent biocompatibility, adjustable bandgap, and high photothermal conversion efficiency. [ 58–62 ] Therefore, BP has been widely applied in the fields of cancer therapy, anti‐inflammation, and bone regeneration using the high‐efficiency photothermal conversion of BP under near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation (Figure 4A).…”

Bioengineering applications of black phosphorus and their toxicity assessment

“…2,3 In the following decade, many of the emerging 2D nanomaterials such as monoelemental germanene, 4 xene, 5 stanine 6 and so on were synthesized and used in bioengineering. [7][8][9][10] In 2014, Li et al reported for the first time layered nanoscale black phosphorus (NBP) from a silica substrate. 11 The direct band gap of 2D NBP can be adjusted by tailoring its composition and it has been used for improving the performance of photodetectors 12,13 and photoelectric sensors.…”