Biomedical applications of diamond‐like carbon coatings: A review

Abstract

Owing to its superior tribological and mechanical properties with corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility, diamond-like carbon (DLC) has emerged as a promising material for biomedical applications. DLC films with various atomic bond structures and compositions are finding places in orthopedic, cardiovascular, and dental applications. Cells grew on to DLC coating without any cytotoxity and inflammation. DLC coatings in orthopedic applications reduced wear, corrosion, and debris formation. DLC coating also reduced thrombogenicity by minimizing the platelet adhesion and activation. However, some contradictory results (Airoldi et al., Am J Cardiol 2004;93:474-477, Taeger et al., Mat-wiss u Werkstofftech 2003;34:1094-1100) were also reported that no significant improvement was observed in the performance of DLC-coated stainless stent or DLC-coated femoral head. This controversy should be discussed based on the detailed information of the coating such as atomic bond structure, composition, and/or electronic structure. In addition, instability of the DLC coating caused by its high level of residual stress and poor adhesion in aqueous environment should be carefully considered. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are thus required to confirm its use for medical devices. '

Graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application

“…New metallic alloys such as stainless steel and Nitinol (NiTi) have often been used in biomedical implants because of their advanced mechanistic properties [106]. Although there are major concerns regarding their use due to their exogenous cytotoxicity, these metallic alloys lack cellular adhesion.…”

“…Although there are major concerns regarding their use due to their exogenous cytotoxicity, these metallic alloys lack cellular adhesion. However, these may interact with proteins or other living cells leading to a strong immunological reaction that may affect the device functionality [106][107][108]. The unique properties of graphene along with its ability to form conjugates with other molecules due to the availability of a high number of functional groups gives an opportunity to create biocomposites with modified properties.…”

Surface energy of the plasma treated Si incorporated diamond-like carbon films

“…6 showed the blood/biomaterial Si-DLC C _ C, C-C, C-O, Si-C, Si 2 O 3 , SiO 2 70.1 ± 3.0 28.6 ± 5.2 11.1 ± 3.7 39.7 ± 8.9 Si-DLC (H 2 treated) C _ C, C-C, C-O, Si-C, Si 2 O 3 , SiO 2 42.1 ± 6.0 67.2 ± 1.8 29.9 ± 3.5 12.3 ± 2.5 Si-DLC (CF 4 treated) C _ C, C-C, C-CF n , CF-CF n , CF 2 , CF 3 , Si-C, Si 2 O 3 , SiO 2 CF n 92.1 ± 2. 6 29.9 ± 3.6 1.9 ± 1.1 31.8 ± 2.5 Si-DLC (N 2 treated) C _ C, C-C, C _ N, C`N, C-N, CO, Si-C, Si-N, SiO 2 42.7 ± 3.7 26.1 ± 3.2 30.3 ± 4.7 56.4 ± 1.7 Si-DLC (O 2 treated) C _ C, C-C, C-O, C _ O, Si-C, Si 2 O 3 , SiO 2 13. …”

“…Surface properties of diamond-like carbon film have also drawn much attention due to its variety of applications ranging from machining tools, plastic mold to orthopedic implants [1]. Surface modified DLC coatings were found to improve the biocompatibility, lubricity and stability, which are significant in mechanical, biomedical and electronic applications [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Surface modification of DLC coatings have been done by doping with suitable elements [9][10][11][12], ion implantation [13] and plasma or ion beam processing [14].…”

Influence of krypton atoms on the structure of hydrogenated amorphous carbon deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Other researches focused on how to produce a matrix with some specific characteristic, usually for a well defined application, such as high hardness, chemical inertness, low friction coefficient and low electron affinity. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Today, it is well known which technique is appropriate to produce amorphous carbon films with some specific characteristic. For instance, nonhydrogenated graphiticlike carbon ͑GLC͒ is usually prepared by sputtering 17 and hydrogenated GLC by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition ͑PECVD͒ at high self-bias.…”