Biomedical Applications of Graphene-Based Structures

Tadyszak, Krzysztof; Wychowaniec, Jacek K.; Litowczenko, Jagoda

doi:10.3390/nano8110944

Cited by 202 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…Applicability of graphene-based quantum dots can be increased by various oxidation protocols to form graphene oxide (GO) with a unique collection of oxygen rich groups on its surface (-COOH, -OH, =O, -O-) [7]. This material exhibits a vast number of properties including long time luminescence stability, ability to be well-dispersed in aqueous media, biocompatibility, and low toxicity [8,9], making it an important and promising material for biomedical applications [10]. Due to their properties, graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) are excellent probes for high-contrast bioimaging and biosensing applications, [5,11,12] e.g., biosensors [13,14], and can be used in anticancer therapies [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling Origins of EPR Spectrum in Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots

et al. 2020

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Carbon nanostructures are utilized in a plethora of applications ranging from biomedicine to electronics. Particularly interesting are carbon nanostructured quantum dots that can be simultaneously used for bimodal therapies with both targeting and imaging capabilities. Here, magnetic and optical properties of graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) prepared by the top-down technique from graphene oxide and obtained using the Hummers’ method were studied. Graphene oxide was ultra-sonicated, boiled in HNO3, ultra-centrifuged, and finally filtrated, reaching a mean flake size of ~30 nm with quantum dot properties. Flake size distributions were obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images after consecutive preparation steps. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed that GOQDs were still oxidized after the fabrication procedure. Magnetic and photoluminescence measurements performed on the obtained GOQDs revealed their paramagnetic behavior and broad range optical photoluminescence around 500 nm, with magnetic moments of 2.41 µB. Finally, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to separate the unforeseen contributions and typically not taken into account metal contaminations, and radicals from carbon defects. This study contributes to a better understanding of magnetic properties of carbon nanostructures, which could in the future be used for the design of multimodal imaging agents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling Origins of EPR Spectrum in Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots

et al. 2020

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“…In all cases it was observed an improvement of the polymer mechanical properties. Graphene based nanocomposites were successfully implemented in electrochemical applications [368,369], supercapacitors [370,371], lithium ion batteries [372,373], solar cell [374,375], sensors [376,377], drug delivery and tissue engineering [378][379][380], water purification [381,382].…”

Section: Graphene Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Functionalization in the Applications of Carbon Materials: An Overview

Speranza

2019

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The carbon-based materials (CbMs) refer to a class of substances in which the carbon atoms can assume different hybridization states (sp 1 , sp 2 , sp 3 ) leading to different allotropic structures -. In these substances, the carbon atoms can form robust covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or with a vast class of metallic and non-metallic elements, giving rise to an enormous number of compounds from small molecules to long chains to solids. This is one of the reasons why the carbon chemistry is at the basis of the organic chemistry and the biochemistry from which life on earth was born. In this context, the surface chemistry assumes a substantial role dictating the physical and chemical properties of the carbon-based materials. Different functionalities are obtained by bonding carbon atoms with heteroatoms (mainly oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) determining a certain reactivity of the compound which otherwise is rather weak. This holds for classic materials such as the diamond, the graphite, the carbon black and the porous carbon but functionalization is widely applied also to the carbon nanostructures which came at play mainly in the last two decades. As a matter of fact, nowadays, in addition to fabrication of nano and porous structures, the functionalization of CbMs is at the basis of a number of applications as catalysis, energy conversion, sensing, biomedicine, adsorption etc. This work is dedicated to the modification of the surface chemistry reviewing the different approaches also considering the different macro and nano allotropic forms of carbon.C 2019, 5, 84 3 of 45 narrow graphite-like interconnected layers. This leads to a closed pore rigid structure that is chemically inert, hard but brittle [48][49][50].Due to the highly resistant, conductive, and inert network, glassy carbons are utilized in a series of rather different applications. They are utilized as electrodes in solid state batteries and in industrial harsh chemical processes where also high temperatures are involved such as crystallization of CaF2, CdS and ZnS. Glassy carbon can be utilized to manufacture high temperature furnace elements. Due to the chemical inertness, glassy carbons are utilized also in fabrication of protheses. Porous carbon and carbon black are much softer. Generally, in industrial applications important is the extension of the surface which is exposed to the external environment. The porous carbon is characterized by a high specific surface area enhancing the interaction with the external medium. Although it possesses a lower conductivity with respect to glassy carbon, the high porosity and the presence of active sites makes it a good material to fabricate electrodes for applications in electrochemistry [51][52][53] and bioelectrodes for sensing and stimulation [54,55].The same holds for the carbon black mainly utilized as additive in rubbers and polymers to improve their mechanical properties, or as a pigment [56] although new potentialities have been recently envisaged [57].Common to all the forms of carbon which are bri...

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“…Graphene is a planar sheet of carbon atoms arranged into a rigid honeycomb structure, and like CNTs, the carbon bonds are sp 2 -hybridized [60][61][62][63][64][65]. As a result of its electron configuration, graphene exhibits large surface area, high mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, high elasticity and thermal conductivity [60][61][62][63][64]66]. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO) are derivatives of graphene with a vast applicability in the biosensing field ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO) are derivatives of graphene with a vast applicability in the biosensing field ( Figure 5). Graphene can be easily functionalized into GO containing various oxygen functional groups, such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups [62,63,66] (Figure 5). These hydrophilic groups make GO more soluble in water, while exhibiting better selectivity towards functionalization with biomolecules, which are highly important features in biosensor applications [60,62,63].…”

Section: Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, rGO is the form of GO that is processed by chemical, thermal and other procedures which will ultimately influence its composition and properties [62]. The reduction process will reduce the oxygen content while introducing structural defects that will contribute to high thermal conductivity as the electrochemistry of graphene sheets occurs at the edges and defects (where heterogeneous electron transfer is fast) and not at the basal plane [61][62][63]66] (Figure 5). Usually, rGO presents advantages over graphene and GO for application in biosensing technology as it combines some of the negatively charged groups of GO along with the excellent conductive properties of graphene [65,67].…”

Section: Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanomaterials towards Biosensing of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers

2019

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable and highly debilitating condition characterized by the progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells, which leads to manifestation of disabilities in cognitive functioning. In recent years, the development of biosensors for determination of AD’s main biomarkers has made remarkable progress, particularly based on the tremendous advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The unique and outstanding properties of nanomaterials (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, gold, silver and magnetic nanoparticles, polymers and quantum dots) have been contributing to enhance the electrochemical and optical behavior of transducers while offering a suitable matrix for the immobilization of biological recognition elements. Therefore, optical and electrochemical immuno- and DNA-biosensors with higher sensitivity, selectivity and longer stability have been reported. Nevertheless, strategies based on the detection of multiple analytes still need to be improved, as they will play a crucial role in minimizing misdiagnosis. This review aims to provide insights into the conjugation of nanomaterials with different transducers highlighting their crucial role in the construction of biosensors for detection of AD main biomarkers.

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Biomedical Applications of Graphene-Based Structures

Cited by 202 publications

References 155 publications

Unraveling Origins of EPR Spectrum in Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots

Unraveling Origins of EPR Spectrum in Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots

The Role of Functionalization in the Applications of Carbon Materials: An Overview

Nanomaterials towards Biosensing of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers

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