Biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive “smart” interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels

Wu, Jiuping; Xue, Wu; Yun, Zhihe; Liu, Qinyi; Sun, Xinzhi

doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100998

Cited by 14 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 393 publications

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“…From a synthetic perspective, IPNs could have two different preparation sequences during the preparation process: (i) simultaneous IPNs, where both polymer networks are synthesized simultaneously through polymerization processes that occur at the same time, or (ii) sequential IPNs, where one polymer network is synthesized first, and then, the second network is formed within the pre-existing network. This process typically involves immersing single-network hydrogels into a solution that contains a mixture of monomers, initiators, and activators, optionally including a cross-linking agent (Figure 4) [63].…”

Section: Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responsive Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels: Advances in Interpenetrating Polymer Structures

Hanyková,

Šťastná,

Krakovský

2024

Gels

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Hydrogels, composed of hydrophilic homopolymer or copolymer networks, have structures similar to natural living tissues, making them ideal for applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensors. Since Wichterle and Lim first synthesized hydrogels in 1960, extensive research has led to various types with unique features. Responsive hydrogels, which undergo reversible structural changes when exposed to stimuli like temperature, pH, or specific molecules, are particularly promising. Temperature-sensitive hydrogels, which mimic biological processes, are the most studied, with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) being prominent due to its lower critical solution temperature of around 32 °C. Additionally, pH-responsive hydrogels, composed of polyelectrolytes, change their structure in response to pH variations. Despite their potential, conventional hydrogels often lack mechanical strength. The double-network (DN) hydrogel approach, introduced by Gong in 2003, significantly enhanced mechanical properties, leading to innovations like shape-deformable DN hydrogels, organic/inorganic composites, and flexible display devices. These advancements highlight the potential of hydrogels in diverse fields requiring precise and adaptable material performance. In this review, we focus on advancements in the field of responsive acrylamide-based hydrogels with IPN structures, emphasizing the recent research on DN hydrogels.

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Section: Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gels 2024, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 19 monomers, initiators, and activators, optionally including a cross-linking agent (Figure 4) [63].…”

Section: Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responsive Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels: Advances in Interpenetrating Polymer Structures

Hanyková,

Šťastná,

Krakovský

2024

Gels

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Functional Semi‐Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

Wang,

Jiang,

Liang

et al. 2024

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) have garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in self‐healing materials, drug delivery systems, electrolytes, functional membranes, smart gels and, toughing. SIPNs combine the characteristics of physical cross‐linking with advantageous chemical properties, offering broad application prospects in materials science and engineering. This perspective introduces the history of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks and their diverse applications. Additionally, the ongoing challenges associated with traditional semi‐interpenetrating polymer materials are discussed and provide an outlook on future advancements in novel functional SIPNs.

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Sequentially crosslinked collagen‐based hydrogel to form a semi‐interpenetrating network for enhanced stability to hydrolytic degradation and electrochemical properties

Nur Hidayah,

Dania Adila,

Sharaniza

et al. 2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Biodegradable polymers are pivotal in tissue engineering, facilitating long‐term tissue reintegration and reducing the necessity for surgery. However, collagen, a crucial component of the extracellular matrix, encountered challenges due to its limited mechanical strength and rapid in‐vivo degradation. This study addresses these issues through crosslinking and functionalizing collagen with synthetic 4‐arm amine‐terminated polyethylene glycol (PEG) in a semi‐interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel. The first goal is to enhance resistance to hydrolysis, thus extending the biodegradation rate. Then, to explore its electrical conductivity properties for certain applications like neural tissue regeneration. The hydrogels were fabricated using sequential IPN formation synthesis where their structural stability and type of degradation by‐products were confirmed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Next, its mechanical and degradation properties investigations exhibit a 92% enhancement in hardness and a 90% retainment of its initial mass over time under physiological conditions. Additionally, the introduction of polypyrrole (PPy) via in‐situ polymerization increases its electrical conductivity, achieving a remarkable 104‐fold increase at a 0.75 M concentration, attributed to the interconnectivity of PPy chain networks within the three‐dimensional structure of IPN collagen/PEG hydrogel. The increased PPy concentration improves conductivity and reduces energy requirements for redox reactions, ensuring electrochemical stability as revealed by cyclic voltammetry analysis. The demonstrated structural and electrochemical stability of the semi‐IPN collagen/PEG/PPy hydrogel within a physiological environment through a facile sequential crosslinking method underscores its promising practical applications in enhancing clinical effectiveness.

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Biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive “smart” interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels

Cited by 14 publications

References 393 publications

Responsive Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels: Advances in Interpenetrating Polymer Structures

Responsive Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels: Advances in Interpenetrating Polymer Structures

Functional Semi‐Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

Sequentially crosslinked collagen‐based hydrogel to form a semi‐interpenetrating network for enhanced stability to hydrolytic degradation and electrochemical properties

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