Biomedical grafts for tracheal tissue repairing and regeneration “Tracheal tissue engineering: an overview”

Abstract

Airway system is a vital part of the living being body. Trachea is the upper respiratory portion that connects nostril and lungs and has multiple functions such as breathing and entrapment of dust/pathogen particles. Tracheal reconstruction by artificial prosthesis, stents, and grafts are performed clinically for the repairing of damaged tissue. Although these (above-mentioned) methods repair the damaged parts, they have limited applicability like small area wounds and lack of functional tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering helps to overcome the abovementioned problems by modifying the traditional used stents and grafts, not only repair but also regenerate the damaged area to functional tissue. Bioengineered tracheal replacements are biocompatible, nontoxic, porous, and having 3D biomimetic ultrastructure with good mechanical strength, which results in faster and better tissue regeneration. Till date, the bioengineered tracheal replacements studies have been going on preclinical and clinical levels. Besides that, still many researchers are working at advance level to make extracellular matrix-based acellular, 3D printed, cell-seeded grafts including living cells to overcome the demand of tissue or organ and making the ready to use tracheal reconstructs for clinical application. Thus, in this review, we summarized the tracheal tissue engineering aspects and their outcomes. K E Y W O R D S biocompatible, chondrocytes, ECM, in vivo, tissue engineering, trachea

Airway ciliated cells regenerated on collagen sponge implants acquire planar polarities towards nearby edges of implanted areas

“…A successful clinical application of a tissue‐engineered trachea, fabricated using collagen and polypropylene was first reported in 2005 (Omori et al., 2005). The outcomes of other clinically implanted materials, such as aortic allografts seeded with mesenchymal stem cells have been successful (Dhasmana et al., 2020; McPhail et al., 2020). However, the risks of repeated inflammation and graft rejection persist.…”

“…Our group developed and clinically applied a tracheal graft made of collagen and polypropylene (Omori et al., 2005). Tissue‐engineered tracheal grafts can regenerate ciliated cells (Dhasmana et al., 2020). Although the motility of the cilia in the regenerated epithelia has been confirmed in an animal study (T. Nakamura et al., 2000), the directions of the ciliary beating of the cells in the regenerated epithelium remain unclear.…”

Current Strategies for Tracheal Replacement: A Review

“…Regenerative medicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field of research and clinical applications focused on the repair, replacement, and regeneration of cells, tissues, or organs to restore damaged function from any cause, including congenital defects, diseases, and trauma [ 56 ]. This field includes therapeutic areas that were initially thought to be separate, such as cell therapy and tissue engineering (in vitro creation of tissues/organs for a subsequent transplantation as fully functional organs or tissue grafts) [ 57 , 58 ]. In particular, in cell therapy, the use of a biocompatible/bioabsorbable scaffold is not required, whereas in tissue engineering, a tridimensional biocompatible/bioabsorbable structure is necessary to support the regeneration of the damaged tissue [ 59 ].…”

Biomimetic Hybrid Systems for Tissue Engineering

“…Trachea is a fundamental cartilaginous construct for living beings that causes respiratory problems when damaged and causes cancer if disorders are not cured in time. Tracheal tissue engineering features and outcomes have recently been overviewed by Dashmana et al [154]. Human epithelial cells cocultured with articular chondrocytes within fibrin scaffolds have been proven to be highly efficient [155].…”