Biomimetic Bacteriophage‐Like Particles Formed from Probiotic Extracts and NO Donors for Eradicating Multidrug‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

This means that, once wounds have formed, the soft tissues face direct threats of pathogens during the long reconstruction process, [2] and risks of infection are particularly elevated in chronic wounds, such as burns and diabetic ulcers. [3] Although traditional antibiotic therapy has been the mainstream clinical method for preventing infection for several decades, the rapid development of bacterial drug resistance has demonstrated its limitation. [4] It should also be noted that bacterial infection, rather than the virus itself, has become the leading cause of COVID-19-related death, [5] and more challenges to the healing of infected wounds should be expected in the struggle against coronavirus. [6a] This highlights the significance and urgency of finding nonantibiotic therapies for avoiding drug resistance. [6b] In recent years, inspired by nature and life, physical effects have been increasingly involved in constructing efficient sterilization methods. For example, biomimetic surfaces based on the microstructures of plants or insect wings can destroy bacterial membranes through mechanical forces, [7a,b] and light has been introduced and combined with photothermal conversion materials (e.g., graphene oxide (GO), MoS 2 ) to denature the proteins on

Elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on titanium implants via photothermally-triggered nitric oxide and immunotherapy for enhanced osseointegration

“…These results are consistent with previous studies [ 49 , 50 ]. The release of NO can improve the antibacterial effect by causing nitrosative and oxidative stresses and breaking the bacterial nitrogen metabolism [ 51 , 52 ]. Based on these results, the controllable and rapid release of NO via NIR irradiation is a useful armamentarium for the elimination of biofilms within a short time and does not require exorbitant temperatures.…”

Designing Single‐Atom Active Sites on sp2‐Carbon Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks to Induce Bacterial Ferroptosis‐Like for Robust Anti‐Infection Therapy

“…The effect of COF-based SACs on MRSA gene expression was studied by transcriptomic analysis. [48] Volcano plots revealed remarkable differences in MRSA gene expression between the control group (Ctrl) and the Ir SACs group. A total of 2148 genes were expressed in the two groups, while exclusively 74 genes were downregulated and 71 genes were upregulated in the Ir-SACs-treated group (Figure 6a).…”

Photothermal Hydrogels for Promoting Infected Wound Healing

“…Due to the effective invasion of the composite particles into the cell membrane, the heattriggered release of NO can conveniently destroy the respiration and metabolism of bacteria, and improve the antibacterial efficiency. [170] Furthermore, Wu and co-workers also implemented an effective antimicrobial strategy on the bone implant by deposition of a composite hydrogel with photothermal conversion and NO release on titanium. More importantly, they revealed the antibacterial mechanism of • ONOO − against MRSA biofilms, which provides solid support for subsequent studies.…”