“…Before 500°C, the trace weight exceeded 100 % may be due to the impurities in the measuring air flow. [10,15,27] The observed weight gain after 550°C results from the decomposition of ILVP due to the oxidation of V(III) to higher valence in air. According to the weight loss on the TG curves, the carbon contents of ILVP, ILVP/C and ILVP/PNPs are 0.29, 2.43 and 3.29 %, respectively, which is close to the element analysis results of ILVP, ILVP/C and ILVP/PNPs (0.32, 2.98 and 3.55 %).…”