Biomimetic synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from sharkskin collagen

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics have gained popularity as bone-grafting materials due to their excellent biocompatibility. However, chemically synthesized HA lacks a strong load-bearing capacity as required by bones. An alternative solution is to grow HA crystals by biomimetic mineralization of collagen under laboratory conditions. Marine industry wastes such as skin and bones, generally dumped in landfill, provide an alternative cheap source of collagen. This study was undertaken to utilize the recovered collagen from sharkskin, generally discarded as waste, as a substrate for growing nanocrystalline HA. Hammerhead sharkskin collagen was isolated, characterized and identified as type I. The biomimetic growth of HA was induced by subjecting the purified collagen to optimal mineralization condition with an in vitro nucleation solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of HA after 21 d of incubation. The dimensions of the crystals were determined to be in the nanoscale range by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Osteoblasts displayed significantly higher adhesion and differentiation compared to Vero cells on dishes coated with HA crystals. The size, crystallinity and cellular interaction of biomimetically grown HA indicated that sharkskin could offer an ideal alternative substrate for nucleating bone growth in vivo.

Nano-hydroxyapatite coating synthesized on quasi-fibrillar superstructures of collagen hydrolysate leads to superior osteoblast proliferation when compared to nano-hydroxyapatite synthesized on collagen fibrils

“…The Ca/P ratio of CH/HA is in close accordance with the 1.67 value for pure HA [74]. The Ca/P value of 1.78 for CH/HA matched with values obtained through previous biomimetic studies [17,75]. The observation of a small amount of Na in EDX results is in accordance with the published studies [76].…”

Biomimetic Nanomaterials: Diversity, Technology, and Biomedical Applications

“… Classification of biomimetic nanomaterials (BNMs) based on the literature data, including information on biomimetic structure [ 16 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], biomimetic synthesis [ 32 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], biogenic components [ 31 , 33 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ], magnetic BNMs [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ], metal and metal oxide BNMs [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], organic, ceramic and hybrid BNMs [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. …”

“…Due to the wide variety of proposed structures and compositions of BNMs, the use of magnetic, metal, and metal oxide materials, as well as organic, ceramic, and hybrid (multicomponent) structural elements, are considered separately. The proposed classification with some examples from the literature, including information on biomimetic structure [ 16 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], biomimetic synthesis [ 32 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], biogenic components [ 31 , 33 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ], magnetic BNMs [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ], metal and metal oxide BNMs [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], organic, ceramic and hybrid BNMs [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ], is shown in Figure 2 .…”