Biomineralogical Investigation of Apatite Piezoelectricity

Abstract

Investigation of apatite piezoelectricity was conducted in order to assess piezoelectric properties of bone. In the first stage, mineralogical analysis of different apatite crystals, regarding their purity and fitness for the experiments was performed. After the crystals, had been chosen, 0.8 mm-thick plates were cut, perpendicular and parallel to the crystallographic Z axis. The plates were then polished and dusted with gold. Electrodes were attached to the opposite surfaces of the plates with conductive glue. So, prepared plates were hooked up to the EEG machine used for measuring electrical activity in the brain. The plates were then gently tapped to observe and register currents generated in them. Acquired data was processed by subtracting from the resulting graphs those generated by a hand movement, without tapping the plate. Results indicate that apatite plates have weak piezoelectric properties. Observed phenomenon may be translated to bone apatite, which would explain, at least partially, piezoelectric properties of bone. Acquired results suggest that there is a relation between the mechanical workload of bones (bone apatite) and their electrical properties. Considering the massive internal surface of bones, they may be treated as a kind of internal "antenna" reacting not only to mechanical stimuli, but to changes in electromagnetic field as well. Observed phenomena no doubt significantly influence the biological processes occurring in bones and the whole human body.

Biomineralogy of Cancer

“…Studies regarding calcification-general tissue and organ biomineralization were carried out in parallel to cancer research indicate a relation between the body's overall calcification and age [1]. They also prove that a significant portion of the elements lost from bones in the process of osteoporosis (mainly P and Ca, but not only those), are not excreted from the organism but can crystallize in the crystallization centers found in various tissues of the body [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”