Biominerals Added Bioresorbable Calcium Phosphate Loaded Biopolymer Composites

Abstract

Nanocrystalline calcium phosphate (CP) bioceramic coatings and their combination with biopolymers are innovative types of resorbable coatings for load-bearing implants that can promote the integration of metallic implants into human bodies. The nanocrystalline, amorphous CP particles are an advantageous form of the various calcium phosphate phases since they have a faster dissolution rate than that of crystalline hydroxyapatite. Owing to the biomineral additions (Mg, Zn, Sr) in optimized concentrations, the base CP particles became more similar to the mineral phase in human bones (dCP). The effect of biomineral addition into the CaP phases was thoroughly studied. The results showed that the shape, morphology, and amorphous characteristic slightly changed in the case of biomineral addition in low concentrations. The optimized dCP particles were then incorporated into a chosen polycaprolactone (PCL) biopolymer matrix. Very thin, non-continuous, rough layers were formed on the surface of implant substrates via the spin coating method. The SEM elemental mapping proved the perfect incorporation and distribution of dCP particles into the polymer matrix. The bioresorption rate of thin films was followed by corrosion measurements over a long period of time. The corrosion results indicated a faster dissolution rate for the dCP-PCL composite compared to the dCP and CP powder layers.

Calcium Phosphate Loaded Biopolymer Composites—A Comprehensive Review on the Most Recent Progress and Promising Trends

“…Generally, the ionic substitutions can be rendered cationic by replacing the Ca 2+ with Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Sr 2+ , Si 4+ ions, or anionic when the PO 4 3− groups are substituted by CO 3 2− or fluoride anions. The preparations, thorough characterizations, and properties of these materials have been exhaustively studied and reported in numerous papers and summarized in reviews [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. A further purpose of ionic substitution is to achieve antibacterial properties, using silver or other specific additives [41,42].…”

“…The investigation of the combination of PCL with bioceramic particles such as CaPs is a related topic of current research, and intensive efforts have been made to elaborate the most ideal composite for biomedical applications. In tissue engineering, PCL-CaP composites can be used as scaffolds [164][165][166][167][168][169] as well as coatings [37,[170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178].…”

“…There are other works aiming at improving the corrosion properties of biodegradable metallic magnesium alloys by depositing PCL-CaP composites onto their surfaces [171][172][173]. The composite coating can be deposited onto other metallic implants, such as titanium alloy, to make them more biocompatible or even bioactive [37,174]. The deposition can be carried out in different ways, such as by dip coating [175,176], in situ sol-gel process [174], spin coating [37,177], or electrospinning [37,175].…”

“…The composite coating can be deposited onto other metallic implants, such as titanium alloy, to make them more biocompatible or even bioactive [37,174]. The deposition can be carried out in different ways, such as by dip coating [175,176], in situ sol-gel process [174], spin coating [37,177], or electrospinning [37,175]. Montanez et al [177] prepared an advanced biocomposite coating by mixing PCL with layers of different CaP phases (hydroxyapatite, brushite, and monetite-derived from a biomineral called otolith), and also multiwalled carbon nanotubes in different concentrations.…”

“…Figure1. Illustration of different CaP phases that can be applied as filler materials in polymeric composites, such as Monetite, Brushite, Ca-pyrophosphate, Tricalcium phosphates (TCP), Hydroxyapatite (HAp), Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) as well as biomineralized/ion-doped ACP and HAp[11,21,[37][38][39].…”