Biomolecule Sensor Based on Azlactone‐Modified Hydrogel Films

Abstract

A 3D hydrogel layer is probed by combining surface plasmon resonance with optical waveguide spectroscopy to detect biomolecules. A template terpolymer P(DMAAm‐co‐DMIAAm‐co‐VDMA) is synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization. The terpolymer is then modified with an amino group bearing biotin to enable biomolecular recognition for streptavidin. A hydrogel thin layer is prepared onto a gold surface after spin‐coating and photo‐crosslinking of the modified polymer. Finally, the hydrogel is utilized to quantitatively detect streptavidin by using surface plasmon resonance–optical waveguide spectroscopy measurements.

Shaping Macromolecules for Sensing Applications—From Polymer Hydrogels to Foldamers

“…Polymeric materials used for sensors are divided into natural hydrogels, derived from natural polymers, e.g., proteins (collagen [ 76 , 80 , 83 ], elastin [ 84 , 85 ], gelatin [ 86 , 87 , 88 ], albumin [ 29 , 89 ]), polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid [ 90 ], alginate [ 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ], chitosan [ 82 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ], cellulose [ 74 ]), and synthetic hydrogels [ 39 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ], based on laboratory-made polymers. Hydrogels in sensing applications are often used as a hybrid material, blend of polymers or in composition with inorganic materials, e.g., graphene, graphene oxide, or silica [ 31 ].…”

“…Considering the wide range of characteristics that can be achieved by tuning in both molecular and structural levels and the ability to respond to external stimuli, such as temperature [ 58 , 65 ], light [ 66 ], pH [ 58 , 94 ], ionic strength [ 62 , 127 , 135 ], and the presence of (bio)molecules [ 104 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 ], synthetic hydrogels have become important materials for the design and construction of sensors and biosensors in various fields of applications. Different types of synthetic polymer-based hydrogels have been used in sensing, e.g., poly(acrylic acid) [ 40 , 105 , 140 ], poly(ethylene glycol) [ 36 , 39 , 141 , 142 ], poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate [ 143 ], poly(acrylic acid- co -dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) [ 144 ], poly(methyl methacrylate- co -methacrylic acid) [ 145 ], polyacrylamide [ 35 , 37 , 77 , 103 ], poly(acrylamide- co -acrylic acid) [ 146 ], poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) [ 78 ], poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide- co -2-(dimethylmaleimido)N-ethyl-acrylamide- co -vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) [ 102 , 106 ], poly(N-isopropylacrylamide- co -2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) [ 147 ], poly(vinyl alcohol) [ 81 ], poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [ 75 ], and poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) [ 75 ]. Polymer materials are functionalized with fluorophores, chromophores, or conducting elements to enable readout using relevant detection techniques ( Table 2 ).…”

Remote Light‐Responsive Nanocarriers for Controlled Drug Delivery: Advances and Perspectives

“…[4] Once the nanocarriers accumulated to the diseased tissues through passive (such as enhanced permeation and retention-EPR for tumors) and active targeting, another key criterion for enhancing treatment efficiency is spatial and temporal control release of therapeutic drugs at the desired site. [11][12][13] With the rapid development of nanobiotechnology, synthetic stimuli-responsive biomaterials have drawn significant attention due to their promising applications in fields of biomedicine and pharmacy, such as drug delivery, [14][15][16] biosensor, [17] and tissue adhesion. [18] Such materials display Engineering of smart photoactivated nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) has recently attracted considerable research interest as light enables precise and accurate controlled release of drug molecules in specific diseased cells and/or tissues in a highly spatial and temporal manner.…”

“…Once the nanocarriers accumulated to the diseased tissues through passive (such as enhanced permeation and retention‐EPR for tumors) and active targeting, another key criterion for enhancing treatment efficiency is spatial and temporal control release of therapeutic drugs at the desired site . With the rapid development of nanobiotechnology, synthetic stimuli‐responsive biomaterials have drawn significant attention due to their promising applications in fields of biomedicine and pharmacy, such as drug delivery, biosensor, and tissue adhesion . Such materials display rapid changes in structure, solubility or polarity upon external (e.g., temperature, light, mechanical force, and electrical or magnetic field) or internal (e.g., pH, redox, and enzyme) triggers .…”

A feasibility study of a leaky waveguide aptasensor for thrombin

“…One such biosensor is based on leaky waveguides (LWs) [3][4][5][6][7] or Hydrogel Optical Waveguides (HOWs). [8][9][10] In LWs, light is confined by phenomena other than total internal reflection (TIR) at either one or both of the waveguide interface(s). The resonance angle of LWs is visualised either by depositing a metal layer or immobilising a suitable dye in the waveguide or fabricating strips of waveguides.…”