Biomonitoring, exposure routes and risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in humans: a mini-review

Liao, Hanyu; Xue, Likun; Zhou, Yuanyuan; Wu, Yinyin; Cao, Yuelong; Yang, Jin-Ling; Zhang, Jianyun

doi:10.1039/d3em00235g

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 95 publications

(259 reference statements)

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“…Given their potential for environmental persistence, − bioaccumulation, , and long-range transport, , CPs have been detected ubiquitously in various environmental media, biota, and humans, − often at concentrations surpassing those of well-investigated organic pollutants. , Considering the large historical production and use of CPs, , alongside their potential adverse effects on wildlife and humans, − national agencies and global treaties are actively evaluating and regulating these substances. − For instance, SCCPs have been listed and regulated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention since 2017 . MCCPs are currently under evaluation and review by the Stockholm Convention POPs Review Committee, which has recently determined that their hazard properties meet all four criteria for regulation under the Stockholm Convention .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are We Justified in Modeling Human Exposure to Chlorinated Paraffin Mixtures Using the Average Properties of Congeners and Homologues?

Chen,

Li,

Endo

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Concern over human exposure to chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixtures keeps increasing. The absence of a comprehensive understanding of how human exposure varies with the physicochemical properties of CP constituents has hindered the ability to determine at what level of aggregation exposure to CPs should be assessed. We answer this question by comparing exposure predicted with either a "complex" method that utilizes isomer-specific properties or "simplified" methods that rely on median properties of congener, homologue, or short-/medium-/longchain CP groups. Our results demonstrate the wide range of physicochemical properties across CP mixtures and their dependence on molecular structures. Assuming unit emissions in the environment, these variances translate into an extensive disparity in whole-body concentrations predicted for different isomers, spanning ∼11 orders of magnitude. CPs with 13−19 carbons and 6−10 chlorines exhibit the highest human exposure potential, primarily owing to moderate to high hydrophobicity and slow environmental degradation and biotransformation. Far-field exposure is dominant for most CP constituents. Our study underscores that using average properties of congener, homologue, or S/M/LCCP groups yields results that are consistent with those derived from isomer-based modeling, thus offering an efficient and practical framework for future risk assessments and human exposure studies of CPs and other complex chemical mixtures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are We Justified in Modeling Human Exposure to Chlorinated Paraffin Mixtures Using the Average Properties of Congeners and Homologues?

Chen,

Li,

Endo

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Human exposure to polychlorinated alkanes (C8–36) in soil and dust from Nigerian e-waste sites: Occurrence, homologue pattern and health risk assessment

Yin,

Folarin,

Bosschaerts

et al. 2025

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Proposal to Reclassify SCCPs Under International Regulations on Ship Recycling to Enhance Environmental and Human Health Protection

Čulin

2024

Applied Sciences

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Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have been detected in various human tissues and organs. Based on the results of numerous studies indicating that exposure to environmentally relevant doses could induce harm to humans and animals, they have been listed in Annex A (Elimination) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. They are also listed as hazardous materials likely to lead to significant adverse effects on human health or the environment by the International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Hong Kong Convention) and the EU Ship Recycling Regulation (EU SRR). This paper analyzes recent literature on the environmental and human health impacts of SCCPs and the actual practice of shipbreaking to demonstrate that the current treatment of SCCPs under these two regulations does not provide sufficient protection for human health and the environment. Based on the presented data, it is proposed that SCCPs should be reclassified as materials whose installation or use is prohibited in shipyards, ship repair yards, and ships by the EU SRR and the Hong Kong Convention.

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Biomonitoring, exposure routes and risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in humans: a mini-review

Abstract: Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), which were conventionally classified into short- (SCCPs), medium- (MCCPs) and long- (LCCPs) chain CPs, have received growing attention due to their wide usage and extensively detection in...

Cited by 3 publications

References 95 publications

Are We Justified in Modeling Human Exposure to Chlorinated Paraffin Mixtures Using the Average Properties of Congeners and Homologues?

Are We Justified in Modeling Human Exposure to Chlorinated Paraffin Mixtures Using the Average Properties of Congeners and Homologues?

Human exposure to polychlorinated alkanes (C8–36) in soil and dust from Nigerian e-waste sites: Occurrence, homologue pattern and health risk assessment

Proposal to Reclassify SCCPs Under International Regulations on Ship Recycling to Enhance Environmental and Human Health Protection

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