Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy

Tranfo, Giovanna; Pigini, Daniela; Paci, Enrico; Bauleo, Lisa; Forastiére, Francesco; Ancona, Carla

doi:10.3390/toxics6030037

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In this group we found much lower values of SPMA than in Group 1, comparable to those measured in another study carried out using the same analytical method in subjects non-occupationally exposed to benzene [27]. A statistically significant difference was found between smokers and non-smokers: for SPMA p < 0.0001 and for 8-oxoGua p = 0.016 (Mann–Whitney test) but not for the other two oxidation biomarkers.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Effect of Benzene Exposure on the Urinary Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Two Cohorts of Gasoline Pump Attendants

Carrieri

Pigini

Martinelli

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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(1) Background: The oxidized guanine derivatives excreted into urine, products of DNA and RNA oxidation and repair, are used as biomarkers of oxidative damage in humans. This study aims to evaluate oxidative damage in gasoline pump attendants occupationally exposed to benzene. Benzene is contained in the gasoline but it is also produced from traffic and from smoking. (2) Methods: Twenty-nine gasoline pump attendants from two major cities of Saudi Arabia and 102 from Italy were studied for urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), and S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (SPMA) for benzene exposure and urinary cotinine for smoking status assessment by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Airborne benzene was also assessed in the Italian group by gas-chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). (3) Results: The results suggest that high levels of benzene exposure can cause an accumulation of SPMA and bring about the formation of the oxidation biomarkers studied to saturation. At low exposure levels, SPMA and oxidation biomarker levels were correlated among them and were associated with the smoking habit. (4) Conclusions: The study confirms the association between benzene exposure and the excretion of nucleic acid oxidation biomarkers and enhances the importance of measuring the smoking habit, as it can significantly influence oxidative damage, especially when the exposure levels are low.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Effect of Benzene Exposure on the Urinary Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Two Cohorts of Gasoline Pump Attendants

Carrieri

Pigini

Martinelli

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Consistent with earlier studies (Tranfo et al 2018), Figure 14 shows that women produce slightly more SPMA than men at low benzene concentrations; this explains the arrow from Gender to SPMA in the BN in Figure 10. However, the effect of gender on metabolism is small compared to other interindividual differences, as reflected in the wide vertical spread of metabolite levels for approximately the same AB concentrations (Figure 12).…”

Section: Inter-individual Heterogeneity In Benzene Metabolismsupporting

confidence: 88%

The shape of low-concentration dose–response functions for benzene: implications for human health risk assessment

Cox

Ketelslegers

Lewis

2021

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Are dose-response relationships for benzene and health effects such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) supra-linear, with disproportionately high risks at low concentrations, e.g. below 1 ppm? To investigate this hypothesis, we apply recent mode of action (MoA) and mechanistic information and modern data science techniques to quantify air benzene-urinary metabolite relationships in a previously studied data set for Tianjin, China factory workers. We find that physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) models and data for Tianjin workers show approximately linear production of benzene metabolites for air benzene (AB) concentrations below about 15 ppm, with modest sublinearity at low concentrations (e.g. below 5 ppm). Analysis of the Tianjin worker data using partial dependence plots reveals that production of metabolites increases disproportionately with increases in air benzene (AB) concentrations above 10 ppm, exhibiting steep sublinearity (J shape) before becoming saturated. As a consequence, estimated cumulative exposure is not an adequate basis for predicting risk. Risk assessments must consider the variability of exposure concentrations around estimated exposure concentrations to avoid over-estimating risks at low concentrations. The same average concentration for a specified duration is disproportionately risky if it has higher variance. Conversely, if chronic inflammation via activation of inflammasomes is a critical event for induction of MDS and other health effects, then sufficiently low concentrations of benzene are predicted not to cause increased risks of inflammasome-mediated diseases, no matter how long the duration of exposure. Thus, we find no evidence that the dose-response relationship is supra-linear at low doses; instead sublinear or zero excess risk at low concentrations is more consistent with the data. A combination of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, Bayesian network (BN) analysis and inference, and partial dependence plots appears a promising and practical approach for applying current data science methods to advance benzene risk assessment.

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“…14 In addition, the prepared MMIPs exhibited good reusability and could be reused at least eight times without an obvious change in the recovery for S-PMA. Compared with traditional SPE methods, 51,52 no derivatization procedure was applied, which avoided the large usage of organic solvents and greatly simplified the operation. What is more, this proposed method has another obvious advantage is that it only involves the application of HPLC-UV instrument, which is available to all of the analytical laboratories.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for extraction of S‐phenylmercapturic acid from urine samples followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Shao

Shi

et al. 2021

J of Molecular Recognition

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In this study, magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) were prepared and used as sorbents for extraction of S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) from urine samples, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-visible (HPLC-UV/Vis) analysis. The MMIPs were synthesized by the copolymerization reaction of (phenylthio) acetic acid (template molecule), methacrylic acid (functional monomers) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (cross-linkers). The morphology, structure property and surface groups of the prepared MMIPs were characterized by scan electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, thermogravimetric analyses, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and vibrating sample magnetometer. The selectivity of the MMIPs was investigated in the presence of interferents. Various parameters affecting the S-PMA extraction efficiency were investigated, including MMIPs amount, pH, sample volume, desorption solvent, as well as extraction and desorption time. The obtained optimal parameters were as follows: MMIPs amount (20 mg), pH (3.0), sample volume (5 mL), desorption solvent (methanol/acetic acid [9/1, v/v]), extraction time (30 minutes) and desorption time (2 minutes). The method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry on Bioanalytical Method Validation. The calibration curve for the analyte was linear in the concentration range of 0.030-1.0 mg/L (r = 0.9995).The LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.0080 and 0.0267 mg/L, respectively. The enrichment factor of the MMIPs was 5. The relative standard deviations of intra-and inter-day tests were in the range of 3.8-5.1% and 3.9-6.3%, respectively. The recoveries at three different concentrations of 0.10, 0.50 and 0.80 mg/L ranged between 95.2% and 98.6%. In addition, the MMIPs could be reused for at least eight times.The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of S-PMA in urine samples. In addition, this developed method could be used as a tool in the early screening and clinical diagnosis of benzene intoxication.

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Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy

Cited by 20 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of Benzene Exposure on the Urinary Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Two Cohorts of Gasoline Pump Attendants

Effect of Benzene Exposure on the Urinary Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Two Cohorts of Gasoline Pump Attendants

The shape of low-concentration dose–response functions for benzene: implications for human health risk assessment

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for extraction of S‐phenylmercapturic acid from urine samples followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography

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