Biomonitoring the Spatial and Historical Variations of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in an Industrial Region

Odabaşı, Mustafa; Falay, Ezgi Ozgunerge; Tuna, Gizem; Altıok, Hasan; Kara, Melik; Dumanoğlu, Yetkin; Bayram, Abdurrahman; Tolunay, Doğanay; Elbir, Tolga

doi:10.1021/es506316t

Cited by 107 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It can be concluded that PCB levels were not very different in 2012 from 2003 to 2004. This is further supported by a recent study investigating the historical variations of POPs using dated tree cores at 14 industrial and background sites in Izmir region (Odabasi et al 2015) showing that PAH and PCB concentrations in tree ring samples (that are suggested to be representative of ambient air levels) were stable or slightly increasing during the period of 2001-2011. Therefore, the estimated risk levels associated with inhalation and dermal contact in this study for both PAHs and PCBs are probably reasonable estimates for the current levels, assuming the same values for the other variables (inhalation rate and body weight) in the exposure-risk model.…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 66%

POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks

Ugranli

Güngörmüş

Kavcar

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Semi-volatile organic compounds were monitored over a whole year, by collection of gas and particle phases every sixth day at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Annual mean concentrations of 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (∑ 32 PCBs) and 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑ 14 PAHs) were 348 pg/m 3 and 36 ng/m 3 , respectively, while it was 273 pg/m 3 for endosulfan, the dominant compound among 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the USEPA exposure-risk models for the estimation of the population exposure and carcinogenic risk probability distributions for heating and non-heating periods. The estimated population risks associated with dermal contact and inhalation routes to ∑ 32 PCBs, ∑ 14 PAHs, and some of the targeted OCPs (α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, α-chlordane (α-CHL), γ-chlordane (γ-CHL), and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT)) were in the ranges of 1.86 × 10 −16 -7.29 × 10 −9 and 1.38 × 10 −10 -4.07 × 10 −6 , respectively. The inhalation 95th percentile risks for ∑ 32 PCBs, ∑ 14 PAHs, and OCPs were about 6, 3, and 4-7 orders of magnitude higher than those of dermal route, respectively. The 95th percentile inhalation risk for ∑ 32 PCBs and OCPs in the non-heating period were 1.8-and 1.2-4.6 folds higher than in the heating period, respectively. In contrast, the 95th percentile risk levels for ∑ 14 PAHs in the heating period were 4.3 times greater than that of non-heating period for inhalation, respectively. While risk levels associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs did not exceed the acceptable level of 1 × 10 −6 , it was exceeded for 47 % of the population associated with inhalation of PAHs with a maximum value of about 4 × 10 −6 .

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Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 66%

POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks

Ugranli

Güngörmüş

Kavcar

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Surprisingly, PBDEs were also present in tree-ring sections which represent 1900s, quite long time before the 1970s when the commercial PBDE mixtures were first produced. This indicated that similar to PCBs and PCNs, combustion emissions are the sources of PBDEs in stem samples before the industrialization in the study area (Odabasi et al, 2015). Similarly, PBDEs unexpectedly presented in the components of raw sinter mix used in the iron ore sintering process, including iron ores (ca.…”

Section: Survival and Formation Of Pbdes In Combustion Systemmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Although rice straw do contain PBDEs (934 ng kg -1 ) and PCDD/Fs (48.9 ng kg -1 ), the higher ratio of PBDEs to PCDD/Fs emission factors compared to rice straw contents indicate that formation of PBDEs occurred during rice straw burning, and not from the thermal release from their original content (Chang et al, 2014a). Odabasi et al (2015) measured PAHs, PCBs, PCNs and PBDEs in tree ring samples in pine samples collected at industrial and background sites in Turkey. Historical trends of all POP concentrations indicated an increase with time in industrial and background sites.…”

Section: Survival and Formation Of Pbdes In Combustion Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other group is their feeding materials or fuels contain no plastic materials or commercial PBDE mixtures, such as sintering plants, fly ash treatment plants, power plants, boilers, vehicles and biomass open burnings. It should be noted that even though their feeding materials contain no plastics, PBDEs do exist in some of their feeding materials or fuels as the forms of environmental pollutant accumulations, such as PBDEs in rice straw (Chang et al, 2014a), woodchips (Chang et al, 2013a), inner cross section of pine stem (Odabasi et al, 2015), coal and iron ores (Drage et al, 2014).…”

Section: Survival and Formation Of Pbdes In Combustion Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview and Perspectives on Emissions of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on a Global Basis: Evaporative and Fugitive Releases from Commercial PBDE Mixtures and Emissions from Combustion Sources

Redfern

Lee

Yan

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants, but are of concern due to their potential health risks. PBDEs are ubiquitous in the environment and their occurrence in polar regions highlights the importance of atmospheric transport. As yet, most researches emphasized evaporative and fugitive releases of PBDEs during production, use and waste management phases. However, the recent studies have uncovered the importance of the combustion sources when considering the release of PBDEs into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, complete PBDE emission inventories are lacking, and no global PBDE emissions from combustion sources have been estimated. Therefore, this study estimated the global PBDE emissions from combustion sources and illegal open burning of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and e-waste, as well as evaporative and fugitive releases from commercial PBDE mixtures. We found that combustion sources and illegal open burning of e-waste globally emit PBDEs at 6.75 and 0.255-5.56 tonnes year -1 , and are important PBDE emitters. The effectiveness of reducing human exposure to PBDEs will be minimized and delayed if mitigation of PBDE emissions from combustion sources is ignored. Control of PBDE emissions from combustion sources should be taken along with the ban of commercial PBDE mixtures.

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“…Sources of particle-phase PAHs were investigated using diagnostic plots and diagnostic ratios in Izmir urban area and it was indicated that traffic emissions (petroleum combustion) and residential heating were the dominant PAH sources (Demircioglu et al, 2011a). Other previous studies in Aliaga have also indicated that iron-steel plants, ship-breaking activities, petroleum refinery and petrochemical plant are significant POP emitters in the region (Cetin and Odabasi, 2007b;Odabasi et al, 2009;Odabasi et al, 2015). Therefore, higher PAH, PCB, and PBDE concentrations observed in the industrial site of the present study could be attributed to emissions from the industries located in the vicinity of the sampling site.…”

Section: Pop Concentrations In Atmospheric Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) on Fine and Coarse Atmospheric Particles Measured at Two (Urban and Industrial) Sites

Odabaşı

Çetin

Bayram

2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Particle size is an important parameter in terms of human health effects, fate and transport of pollutants associated with particulate matter (PM). Persistent organic pollutant (POP) (i.e., PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs) concentrations were measured on fine (d p < 2.5 µm) and coarse (2.5 µm < d p < 10 µm) aerosol samples collected at two (Urban and Industrial) sites in Izmir, Turkey. POP concentrations were ~2 times higher at the Industrial site due to the local sources (i.e., scrap processing iron-steel plants, ship-breaking activities, a petroleum refinery, and a petrochemical plant) that were recently shown to be hot spots emitting these pollutants. The size distribution of particle-phase POPs indicated that they were mostly (> 50%) associated with fine PM. The larger contribution of all POP compounds to fine PM could be attributed to the higher sorption capacity of fine PM because of its relatively higher organic matter content compared to coarse PM. Fine PM fraction of POPs significantly increased with octanol-air partition coefficient (K OA ) (p < 0.01) since larger K OA values favor the partitioning of POPs to PM. Relationships between fine PM percent and meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature and wind speed) were also investigated. Fine PM percent decreased with temperature and the correlations were significant for 51% of the compounds (p < 0.01), suggesting that the decrease in K OA with increasing temperature results in less partitioning to PM. Fine PM fraction also decreased with wind speed (p < 0.01 for the 52% of the compounds) that could be attributed to increased resuspension of contaminated coarse particles with increasing wind speed. Using the experimental deposition velocities reported for several POPs in the study area it was shown that dry particle deposition velocity significantly decreases with increasing fine PM fraction (p < 0.01). This indicates that the increase in fine fraction of POPs with decreasing volatility may have important implications for their environmental fate and transport.

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Biomonitoring the Spatial and Historical Variations of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in an Industrial Region

Cited by 107 publications

References 48 publications

POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks

POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks

Overview and Perspectives on Emissions of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on a Global Basis: Evaporative and Fugitive Releases from Commercial PBDE Mixtures and Emissions from Combustion Sources

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) on Fine and Coarse Atmospheric Particles Measured at Two (Urban and Industrial) Sites

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