Bionomics of Larvae of Parelaphostrongylus Odocoilei (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) in Experimentally Infected Gastropod Intermediate Hosts

Jenkins, Emily J.; Kutz, Susan; Hoberg, Eric P.; Polley, Lydden

doi:10.1645/ge-629r.1

Cited by 24 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Whether any environmental factor(s) influence or stimulate shedding in naturally infected gastropods to higher levels than those reported here remains unknown. Shedding levels in experimentally infected protostrongylids tend to be considerably higher ranging from 21 -82 % of the worm burden released by the gastropods (Jenkins et al 2006, Kralka and Samuel, 1984, Kutz et al 2000. In general, the shedding levels did not appear to be dose dependent, however, between species comparisons in this study are probably not valid.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…As would be expected, there is a wide range in reported longevity for various species of L3 shed by aquatic or terrestrial gastropods held under many different experimental conditions. Protostrongylid L3 held at 0 -4 ℃ survived for 6 months to over 1 year (Jenkins et al 2006, Kutz et al 2000. Much shorter timeframes (72 hrs to 36 days) have been reported for the L3 of A. vasorum, A. abstrusus and T. brevior held in water (Cheng andAlicata 1964, Colella et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Experimental infections tend to occur at higher levels than those generally found in gastropods under natural conditions (Kralka and Samuel, 1984). However, at least with the protostrongylids, shedding still occurs even at very low worm burdens and to a degree where the individual gastropod may shed its entire burden (Jenkins et al 2006, Kutz et al 2000. The results of the present study and the previous work reported in the literature leave us with a conundrum-if spontaneous gastropod shedding of metastrongyloid L3 is insignificant as a route of exposure then why is it so widespread amongst the species of this group?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Release of L3 via gastropod faeces has not been reported previously. Detection of metastrongyloid L3 in mucus trails or exiting directly through the body surface of slugs has been reported (Ash, 1976, Bonetti et al 1998, Heyneman and Lim 1967, Jenkins et al 2006, Kralka and Samuel 1984, Kutz et al 2000, Qvarnstrom et al 2007. No L3 were detected in the mucus of A. cantonensis infected Limax flavus (Campbell and Little, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Excepting species infecting marine mammals or swine, the exposure route for most involve the ingestion of infective third-stage larvae (L3) contained in the tissues of a gastropod intermediate host or also in some species a paratenic host. (Barcante et al 2003, Boev 1975, Bonetti et al 1998, Giannelli et al 2015, Heyneman and Lim 1967, Jenkins et al 2006, Kralka and Samuel 1984, Kutz et al 2000, Monson and Post 1972, Ubelaker et al 1980. Recently gastropod L3 shedding has also been reported for a crenosomatid (Troglostrongylus brevior) (Giannelli et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spontaneous Shedding of Metastrongyloid Third-Stage Larvae by Experimentally Infected Limax maximus

2017

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Felids and canids acquire infection of most metastrongyloids by the ingestion of infective third-stage larvae (L3) in the tissues of gastropod intermediate hosts (IMH) or paratenic hosts. Direct ingestion of L3 shed by gastropods may be an alternative route of exposure. The significance of this route in natural infections is unknown. Larval shedding after experimental infection of Limax maximus with 5 metastrongyloids was tested in this study. Original Article S42EndoparasitEs

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spontaneous Shedding of Metastrongyloid Third-Stage Larvae by Experimentally Infected Limax maximus

2017

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Development of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera and Céspedes 1971 (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) larvae in the intermediate host Sarasinula marginata (Semper 1885) (Mollusca: Soleolifera)

Mendonça¹,

Carvalho²,

Mota

et al. 2008

Parasitol Res

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In life cycle of Angiostrongylus costaricensis, veronicellidae mollusks participate as the invertebrate host while rodents as the main vertebrate host. The current work shows a sequential larval development of A. costaricensis in Sarasinula marginata, individually killed and digested from day 1 to 43, post infection. Some larvae, recovered from sedimentation, were submitted to selective staining after paraffin embedded or inclusion in JB-4 to study inner structures. As control, four slugs were used, two killed at the beginning of infection and the others at the end of the experiment. At day 2 post infection, larvae were motionless and thick, presenting initial retention of granules. At day 4, L2 were detected, persisting until 43 days post infection. Larvae L2 displayed a large amount of granules rich in lipids and carbohydrates through its overall body, with more accumulation at the medial third corresponding to the esophagus-intestine transition site. Lipid granules, the main energetic source, were located at the basal and apical regions of intestinal cells. Both L1 and L3 presented bilateral alae, which is also common in other nematodes. Transition forms between L2 to L3 molts were also observed.

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Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae

et al. 2011

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The influence of temperature on the development and survival of Toxocara canis larvae was investigated under laboratory conditions, in water at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C and at room temperature 22°C ± 1°C. T. canis eggs were able to develop to the larvated stage at all the tested temperatures. Development rate increased with temperature. Linear regression of development rate against temperature predicted a lower development threshold of 11.8°C. Eggs survived cooling to 1 and -2°C for 6 weeks, and could develop to the infective, larvated stage when transferred to higher temperatures, but their development rates were then retarded compared with non-chilled eggs. Larvated eggs remained viable after 7 weeks of incubation across the tested temperature range, with the highest percentage viability (47%) obtained at 25°C. Development of eggs to the infective larval stage required, on average, 121 degree days between 20°C and 30°C. Results provide a basis for predicting variation in the infectivity of eggs in the environment over time in different climates.

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Bionomics of Larvae of Parelaphostrongylus Odocoilei (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) in Experimentally Infected Gastropod Intermediate Hosts

Cited by 24 publications

References 39 publications

Spontaneous Shedding of Metastrongyloid Third-Stage Larvae by Experimentally Infected Limax maximus

Spontaneous Shedding of Metastrongyloid Third-Stage Larvae by Experimentally Infected Limax maximus

Development of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera and Céspedes 1971 (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) larvae in the intermediate host Sarasinula marginata (Semper 1885) (Mollusca: Soleolifera)

Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae

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