Bionomy of spruce bud scale, Physokermes piceae (schrank) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the Belgrade area, Serbia

Graora, Draga; Spasic, R.; Mihajlovic, Lj.

doi:10.2298/abs1201337g

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In Serbia, the recorded efficacy of this species was 20% on Ph. hemicryphus (Mihajlović & Kozarževskaja, 1983) and 68-80% on Physokermes piceae (Graora et al, 2012). Its efficacy in Germany was 7.2% (Klausnitzer & Förster, 1976), and 30.1% in Virginia (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bionomy of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Serbia

Simonovic

Dervišević

Graora

2018

Pesticidi i fitomedicina

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Small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), is a Holarctic, oligophagous species developing on plants of the genera Picea and Abies (Pinaceae). It is a serious pest of Picea abies in Serbia, which causes drying and falling of needles, branches and even drying of entire plants. A study of the bionomy of Ph. hemicryphus was carried out at five locations in Serbia in 2016 and 2017. Ph. hemicryphus was found to develop one generation annually and to overwinter as second-instar larvae on spruce branches. Adults emerge at the beginning of April and oviposition takes place at the beginning of May. Larvae hatch in the second half of May; during summer they feed on spruce needles and moult into second-instar larvae in September. Scale populations are controlled by a number of natural enemies. Five species of parasitoid wasps were reared: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Metaphycus unicolor Hoffer, Microterys lunatus (Dalman), Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Pachyneuron muscarum (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), as well as five predatory species: Anthribus nebulosus Forster (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Exochomus quadripustulatus L., Scymnus abietis Paykull, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The most efficient parasitoid of Ph. hemicryphus was P. testaceus, reducing scale populations up to 28.97%, while the most efficient predator was A. nebulosus with an efficacy of up to 51.72%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bionomy of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Serbia

Simonovic

Dervišević

Graora

2018

Pesticidi i fitomedicina

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“…7700 ha of heavily damaged P. abies stands [8]. Approximately at the same time, P. piceae incidences were also reported from the neighbouring Latvia [23] indicating a rapid expansion of this pest northwards though until recently P. piceae was mainly known from the central and southern regions of Europe including Slovakia [14], Serbia [9], Hungary [15], Romania [16] and Poland [17]. Physokermes piceae (Coccidae, Hemiptera) damages spruce (Picea spp.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Drastic Changes in Fungal Communities in the Phyllosphere of Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Following Invasion of the Spruce Bud Scale (Physokermes piceae)

et al. 2015

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The aim of this study was to assess diversity and composition of fungal communities in damaged and undamaged shoots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) following recent invasion of the spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae) in Lithuania. Sampling was done in July 2013 and included 50 random lateral shoots from 10 random trees in each of five visually undamaged and five damaged 40-50 years-old pure stands of P. abies. DNA was isolated from 500 individual shoots, subjected to amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of fungal ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA), barcoded and sequenced. Clustering of 149426 high-quality sequences resulted in 1193 non-singleton contigs of which 1039 (87.1%) were fungal. In total, there were 893 fungal taxa in damaged shoots and 608 taxa in undamaged shoots (p<0.0001). Furthermore, 431 (41.5%) fungal taxa were exclusively in damaged shoots, 146 (14.0%) were exclusively in undamaged shoots and 462 (44.5%) were common to both types of samples. Correspondence analysis showed that study sites representing damaged and undamaged shoots were separated from each other, indicating that in these fungal communities were largely different, and therefore heavily affected by P. piceae. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that invasive alien tree pests may have a profound effect on fungal mycobiota associated with the phyllosphere of P. abies, and therefore, in addition to their direct negative effect owing physical damage of the tissue, they may also indirectly determine health, sustainability and ultimately distribution of the forest tree species.Keywords: forest health, pathogens, pest insects, climate change, fungal community Introduction Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the dominant tree species distributed in a larger part of the north temperate and boreal forests of Europe, and therefore is of tremendous socioeconomic importance [33]. It appears that the climate has been the major determinant of the distributional limits of the tree species and these limits track climate change so closely that even short-term climatic variation can lead to significant range adjustments with consequences for practical forestry and society [39]. The recent observations suggest that the range limit of P. abies has begun to change more rapidly than in the past, and a further projection predicts its range expansion in the north and much greater contraction in the south of the present limit [3]. Climate change can affect forests directly (storms, droughts, high

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“…Males have a discernable head, chest and abdomen, three pairs of legs, and one pair of wings (Graora et al 2012). The species develops one generation per year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spruce bud scale exhibits the highest frequency on spruce growing under dry, poor soil conditions, and in seeded plantations and city parks (Rupais 1981, Graora et al 2012 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of sanitary conditions in stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) damaged by spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae Schrnk.)

Miezīte¹,

Okmanis²,

Indriksons³

et al. 2013

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionNorway spruce is the second most abundant tree species in Latvian forests, occupying 0.52 million hectares, and nearly 0.14 million are second age class (21-40 years old) forest stands (Latvian State Forest Service 2011). Therefore, it is critical to assess the management risks in growing stand volume now, because it is these stands that will comprise the majority of the cutting volume in 40-60 years. Spruce is a species quite vulnerable to biotic and abiotic factors; therefore its cultivation is increasingly associated with high-risk levels. One of the most widespread causes of Norway spruce stand damage is development of large spruce bud scale colonies.The first cases of Norway spruce damage were observed in 2009 in middle-aged stands on drained soils. In August of 2010, monitoring by Riga Forests revealed 24% of the stands were damaged, and 10% of Picea abies stands were reported dead. Management made the decision to avoid further spruce bud scale propagation by felling 300 ha of Norway spruce forests in sanitary clear-cuts . Physokermes piceae Schrnk. belongs to the Coccidae family, order Hemiptera, and are characterized by sexual dimorphisms, with a high ability to adapt to a parasitic lifestyle on host plants (Rasina & Rupais 1994). Adult females are globular with a pronounced curvature, shiny, and brown to reddishbrown in color. Female length averages 3.5 mm, width 3.0 mm, and height 3.5-4.0 mm.Males are winged, average 1 mm long, and rarely encountered (Ozols 1985). Males have a discernable head, chest and abdomen, three pairs of legs, and one pair of wings (Graora et al. 2012). The species develops one generation per year. Immature stages winter at the base of terminal buds, less often on needles. In May, the instar larvae move to the base of new buds by old bud fissures. By the end of May or beginning of June, the females have already developed. Settling on the trunk and twigs, individuals suck sap through the bark vascular tissue. At the end of June or beginning of July, the insects lay eggs beneath themselves, and soon die (Ozols 1985). Several studies report one female lays 800-3 000 reddish eggs (Novak 1974, Turguter & Ülgenturk 2006, State Forest Service 2010. Pink first instars, called "crawlers" hatch in July, and attach themselves to new buds or the underside of needles. In October, crawlers molt into the second instar, and change color from pink to brown. The second instar larvae continue to suck sap, and subsequently overwinter on the branching parts or the lower side of the spruce needles. In spring, a small portion of the overwintering population travels to the needles, where in May the individuals pass through prepupal and pupal stages, developing into winged males (State Forest Service 2011, Lazdins et al. 2011. After wintering, most second instars attach themselves among the budding forked branch apices, where molting occurs, and round yellowish females emerge that gradually darken, and are easily noticeable (State Forest Service 2010.Sp...

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Bionomy of spruce bud scale, Physokermes piceae (schrank) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the Belgrade area, Serbia

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Bionomy of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Serbia

Bionomy of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Serbia

High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Drastic Changes in Fungal Communities in the Phyllosphere of Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Following Invasion of the Spruce Bud Scale (Physokermes piceae)

Assessment of sanitary conditions in stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) damaged by spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae Schrnk.)

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