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The use of highly potent but very toxic antibiotics such as colistin has become inevitable due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed for a chemically‐triggered, controlled release of colistin at the infection site to lower its systemic toxicity by harnessing the power of click‐to‐release reactions. Kinetic experiments with nine tetrazines and three dienophiles demonstrated a fast release via an inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder reaction between trans‐cyclooctenes (TCO) and the amine‐functionalized tetrazine Tz7. The antibiotic activity of colistin against Escherichia coli was masked by TCO units, but restored upon reaction with d‐Ubi–Tz, a tetrazine functionalised with the bacterial binding peptide d‐Ubi29–41. While standard TCO did not improve toxicity against human proximal tubular kidney HK‐2 cells, the installation of an aspartic acid‐modified TCO masking group reduced the overall charge of the peptide and entry to the kidney cells, thereby dramatically lowering its toxicity. The analog Col–(TCO‐Asp)1 had favourable pharmacokinetic properties in mice and was successfully activated locally in the lung by d‐Ubi–Tz in an in vivo infection model, whereas it remained inactive and non‐harmful without the chemical trigger. This study constitutes the first example of a systemically acting two‐component antibiotic with improved drug tolerability.
The use of highly potent but very toxic antibiotics such as colistin has become inevitable due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed for a chemically‐triggered, controlled release of colistin at the infection site to lower its systemic toxicity by harnessing the power of click‐to‐release reactions. Kinetic experiments with nine tetrazines and three dienophiles demonstrated a fast release via an inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder reaction between trans‐cyclooctenes (TCO) and the amine‐functionalized tetrazine Tz7. The antibiotic activity of colistin against Escherichia coli was masked by TCO units, but restored upon reaction with d‐Ubi–Tz, a tetrazine functionalised with the bacterial binding peptide d‐Ubi29–41. While standard TCO did not improve toxicity against human proximal tubular kidney HK‐2 cells, the installation of an aspartic acid‐modified TCO masking group reduced the overall charge of the peptide and entry to the kidney cells, thereby dramatically lowering its toxicity. The analog Col–(TCO‐Asp)1 had favourable pharmacokinetic properties in mice and was successfully activated locally in the lung by d‐Ubi–Tz in an in vivo infection model, whereas it remained inactive and non‐harmful without the chemical trigger. This study constitutes the first example of a systemically acting two‐component antibiotic with improved drug tolerability.
Bioorthogonale Bindungsspaltungsreaktionen haben sich als leistungsstarke Werkzeuge für die präzise zeitliche und räumliche Kontrolle (bio)molekularer Funktionen in biologischen Systemen etabliert. Unter diesen sticht die durch Click‐Reaktion mit Tetrazinen ausgelöste Eliminierung spaltbarer trans‐Cyclooctene (Click‐Spaltung, engl. Click‐to‐Release) aufgrund hoher Reaktionsraten sowie ihrer Vielseitigkeit und Selektivität hervor. Trotz des zunehmenden Verständnisses der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen ist die Anwendung dieser Reaktion aufgrund unzureichender Eigenschaften (Click‐Kinetik, Spaltungskinetik, Spaltungseffizienz) der bestehenden Reagenzien eingeschränkt. Eine effiziente Spaltung war bisher auf Tetrazine mit vergleichsweise niedriger Click‐Reaktivität beschränkt, während hochreaktive Aryl‐Tetrazine nur eine minimale Spaltung erzielen. Durch die Einführung von Hydroxylgruppen an Phenyl‐ und Pyridyl‐Tetrazinen ist es uns gelungen, eine neue Klasse von ′bioorthogonalen Scheren′ mit hoher chemischer Leistungsfähigkeit zu entwickeln. Diese Hydroxyaryl‐Tetrazine erreichen eine nahezu quantitative Spaltung nach beschleunigter Click‐Reaktion mit unterschiedlichen spaltbaren trans‐Cyclooctenen, was durch die Click‐ausgelöste Aktivierung einer Wirkstoffvorstufe (engl. Prodrug), die intramitochondriale Spaltung einer fluorogenen Sonde in lebenden Zellen und die schnelle intrazelluläre bioorthogonale Spaltung eines Ligand‐Farbstoff‐Konjugats demonstriert wird.
The use of highly potent but very toxic antibiotics such as colistin has become inevitable due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed for a chemically‐triggered, controlled release of colistin at the infection site to lower its systemic toxicity by harnessing the power of click‐to‐release reactions. Kinetic experiments with nine tetrazines and three dienophiles demonstrated a fast release via an inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder reaction between trans‐cyclooctenes (TCO) and the amine‐functionalized tetrazine Tz7. The antibiotic activity of colistin against Escherichia coli was masked by TCO units, but restored upon reaction with d‐Ubi–Tz, a tetrazine functionalised with the bacterial binding peptide d‐Ubi29–41. While standard TCO did not improve toxicity against human proximal tubular kidney HK‐2 cells, the installation of an aspartic acid‐modified TCO masking group reduced the overall charge of the peptide and entry to the kidney cells, thereby dramatically lowering its toxicity. The analog Col–(TCO‐Asp)1 had favourable pharmacokinetic properties in mice and was successfully activated locally in the lung by d‐Ubi–Tz in an in vivo infection model, whereas it remained inactive and non‐harmful without the chemical trigger. This study constitutes the first example of a systemically acting two‐component antibiotic with improved drug tolerability.
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