“…This macromolecular crowding affects intracellular dynamics in several ways (see reviews [2,3,4,5,6]). It slows diffusion by about a factor of 5 to 10 [7,8], it increases association reaction rate constants by an order of magnitude or more [9], it favors folded protein conformations over unfolded ones [5], and it enhances the activity of chaperones [3,10]. Most theoretical explorations of these effects have focused on thermodynamic considerations, including particularly the reduced translational and configurational entropies of molecules that are in crowded systems [11,12].…”