“…It has been widely used in medicine, cosmetics, food, agriculture, and water treatment [ 14 ]. Previous studies reported that the carboxyl and amide groups of γ-PGA can complex with various metal ions, including Cu(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Al(III), Cr(III), and U(VI) [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Some researchers have synthesized apatite by wet chemical method in the presence of amino acid and polypeptide, including aspartic acid, glutamic acid poly-L-aspartate, and γ-PGA, to introduce carboxylic groups onto the apatite surface [ 12 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”