Biopolymer of Chitosan from Fish Scales as Natural Coagulant for Iron–Contaminated Groundwater Treatment

Abstract

Chitosan, the de-acetylated chitin derivative, was evaluated for its ability to be used as a natural coagulant for Martapura groundwater treatment. This study is used chitosan derived from original fish scales of Kalimantan called Papuyu (Anabas testudineus) for the treatment of iron ion-containing Martapura groundwater through coagulation-flocculation method. The reduction efficiency of iron ion removed by coagulation-flocculation processes using chitosan from Papuyu fish scales is the primary evaluating parameter. The obtained chitosan have been characterized and analyzed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Fluroscence (XRF) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using of the chitosan from Papuyu fish scales as coagulant at neutral pH and room temperature led to decreasing the groundwater iron concentration become 3.43 mg/L (around 71% removal). The result was then compare to the coagulation-flocculation treatment using the commercial chitosan from shrimps shell (93% deacetylated). Moreover, its found the coagulation-flocculation treatment using the chitosan from fish scales as coagulant more favor than the commercial one.

Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutics from Fish: Revisiting Their Suitability in Functional Foods to Enhance Human Wellbeing

“…Table 4 shows fish by-products as an important source of nutraceuticals and functional foods. The fish by-products provided in this context include scales, skin, bones, ground skin, head, belly part, trimmed muscle, frame, entrails, head and backbone, gill and intestine, and cartilage [130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141]-all of which provide varied functional products, nutritional purposes, and pharmacological activities. The therapeutic functions of fish-based nutrients and their bioactive compounds tend to draw a great deal of attention.…”

Fish Waste: From Problem to Valuable Resource

“…Rumengan et al [ 197 ] obtained a chitin yield of 45% and 33%, from parrotfish ( Chlorurus sordidus ) and red snapper ( Lutjanus argentimaculatus ), respectively, while Takarina and Fanani [ 198 ] achieved DDA values up to 75% for chitin and 90.83% for chitosan, by suggesting a huge potential for red snapper fish scales. An even higher value of deacetylation was retrieved in the chitosan obtained from Papuyu fish scales, with 97.40% against the 93.80% of commercial chitosan from shrimp shell [ 199 ]. In general, the studies conducted so far are limited to evaluating the possibility of fish scales as a possible alternative source, but are similar in scope and final considerations.…”

“…In the bioremediation field, diverse chitin derivatives possess specific properties useful for treatment of contaminants, as the different functional groups they have could easily interact with heavy metal ions by helping their removal in aqueous solution [ 190 , 203 ]. The chitosan extracted from the fish scales of Papuyu fish has been proved to improve the removal of iron in the groundwater from 11.80 mg/L to 3.43 mg/L, by evidencing higher efficiency in coagulation/flocculation treatment than the commercial chitosan from shrimp shell [ 199 ].…”

Utilization of marine by-products for the recovery of value-added products

“…Chitosan adsorbs significant amounts of metal ions and is valued for being readily available, cost effective, environmentally friendly, and biodegradability characteristics. Thus, it has generated considerable interest in assessing its feasibility to remove metal ions over a wide range of effluent systems and types (Gerente et al, 2007;Singh and Nagendran, 2016;Irawan et al, 2018). Chitin and chitosan derivatives have different functional groups (-NH 2 , -OH) which interact with heavy metal ions, dissolved organic solids, colored dyes, and other contaminants.…”