Biopolymeric Coatings for Local Release of Therapeutics from Biomedical Implants

Abstract

The deployment of structures that enable localized release of bioactive molecules can result in more efficacious treatment of disease and better integration of implantable bionic devices. The strategic design of a biopolymeric coating can be used to engineer the optimal release profile depending on the task at hand. As illustrative examples, here advances in delivery of drugs from bone, brain, ocular, and cardiovascular implants are reviewed. These areas are focused to highlight that both hard and soft tissue implants can benefit from controlled localized delivery. The composition of biopolymers used to achieve appropriate delivery to the selected tissue types, and their corresponding outcomes are brought to the fore. To conclude, key factors in designing drug-loaded biopolymeric coatings for biomedical implants are highlighted.

Recent Advances in Antibacterial Coatings to Combat Orthopedic Implant-Associated Infections

“…The design of antibacterial coatings on orthopedic implants has merged as a promising option for the prevention of IAIs ( Table 1 ) [ 38 ]. Here, single or combined antibacterial agents (such as antibiotics and AMPs) can be released in sustained-release manners to maintain their relatively high local concentrations on and around the implants and the surrounding host tissues, prevent rapid depletion of antibacterial activity, lower postsurgical contaminations, and kill adherent and adjacent planktonic bacteria ( Figure 2 f) [ 6 , 25 , 26 , 43 , 49 , 67 ].…”

“…Owing to their potential responsivity to external stimuli (including magnetic field, temperature, and light) and typical strong antibacterial effects, metallic nanoparticles are one of the most utilized nanomaterials for antibacterial coatings, either by direct immobilization or embedding in polymeric layers [ 71 , 72 ]. Most coatings are developed from biopolymers with molecular and functional versatilities, allowing the development of coatings with the desired properties and enabling their functionalization with bioactive moieties or antibiotics [ 6 , 7 , 27 ]. Among the most used biopolymers for coating orthopedic implants, we mention alginate, collagen, cellulose, gelatin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polyetheretherketon (PEEK), poly-L-lactide (PLLA), poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA), polyurethane, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [ 73 , 74 , 75 ].…”

“…The rise in life expectancy is associated with an increased demand for healthcare among the elderly with hip osteoarthritis or osteoporotic fractures, as well as an increased demand for joint replacement surgeries and development of safe and biocompatible orthopedic biomaterials for combating implant-associated infections (IAIs) [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Here, it is worth considering that the surgical placement of orthopedic implants inside the human body for offering biological support to injured tissues or organs and restoring biological functioning is challenging due to possible bacterial adhesion and proliferation on the surfaces, eventually leading to infections [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Transformative Materials for Interfacial Drug Delivery

“…Implants are devices that are inserted into patients to support, replicate and enhance the function of organs and tissues. [126,127] A battery-free implant that can be controlled wirelessly using a remote was developed to locally control temporal aspects of drug delivery. [128] After subcutaneous implantation, the device enables repetitive local drug delivery, and doses can easily be adapted by changing the number of actuations.…”

Durable immunomodulatory hierarchical patch for rotator cuff repairing

“…However, these compounds typically have a short half-life of about one week and are prone to accelerated release kinetics in the dynamic in vivo environment [ [17] , [18] , [19] ]. This rapid release hinders the sustained establishment of an anti-inflammatory niche, thereby impeding tissue regeneration [ [20] , [21] ]. For example, Chen et al used a hydrogel matrix for curcumin delivery in rat rotator cuff repair [ 22 ].…”