Bioprinting of Bone

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys for Orthopedic Applications: A Materials Science Viewpoint

“…approximately 1% of all implanted devices [39] . However, computational power and technology has improved significantly in the past 10 years, allowing more widespread uptake of AM for PSIs, particularly for patients with bone deficits as follows [206,207] ; o Bone infection or decay, for example through osteomyelitis or dental caries -DICOMS and 'fixation features' can be combined to produce implants that support natural function.…”

“…The design of reservoirs with pharmaceutical payloads (slow or fast release therapeutics, e.g. chemotherapeutic agents, bone growth promoters or antibiotics) is a popular new area [206,211] . Thirdly, AM fabrication lends itself well to producing low volumes of highly complex parts -this means that pediatric implants can be sized specifically and iteratively for growing pre-pubescent patients, and take into account the complexities of young and incompletely ossified bone structures [212] .…”

Recent progress in extrusion 3D bioprinting of hydrogel biomaterials for tissue regeneration: a comprehensive review with focus on advanced fabrication techniques

“…Bone tissue as a dynamic structure is the main constituent of the musculoskeletal system, which its high mineralization of ECM makes it different from other connective tissues in rigidity and hardness [120]. The repair of bone tissue is a global clinical issue that has high morbidity in the trauma patients and imposes an enormous socioeconomic problem [121,122]. The gold standard for bone restoration still generally is autogenous bone grafts that are harvested from intra-or extra-oral sites; however, this has the limitation of low graft quantity, donor site morbidity, and infection.…”

“…The gold standard for bone restoration still generally is autogenous bone grafts that are harvested from intra-or extra-oral sites; however, this has the limitation of low graft quantity, donor site morbidity, and infection. Although many researchers have made attempts to develop therapeutic approaches for the fabrication of human bone [121,123,124] as a highly ordered and vascularized tissue [125], few have succeeded in which there is still no effective treatment for most cases [126][127][128]. As a result, bone tissue engineering (BTE) undergoes a booming advancement as the alternative to bone grafting, where graft substitutes are made using biomaterials to replace or repair damaged bone defects [125].…”

3D bioprinting for cell culture and tissue fabrication

“…In terms of bone regeneration, considerable energy has been spent on regenerative medicine and surgery, but there are still plenty of limitations. In recent years, 3D printing therapy methods give hopes to the patients suffering bone injury [44,45]. It can recruit patient-specific cells with the biocompatible and biodegradable material to the defect sites.…”