Bioprinting Technology: A Current State-of-the-Art Review

Abstract

Bioprinting is an emerging technology for constructing and fabricating artificial tissue and organ constructs. This technology surpasses the traditional scaffold fabrication approach in tissue engineering (TE). Currently, there is a plethora of research being done on bioprinting technology and its potential as a future source for implants and full organ transplantation. This review paper overviews the current state of the art in bioprinting technology, describing the broad range of bioprinters and bioink used in preclinical studies. Distinctions between laser-, extrusion-, and inkjet-based bioprinting technologies along with appropriate and recommended bioinks are discussed. In addition, the current state of the art in bioprinter technology is reviewed with a focus on the commercial point of view. Current challenges and limitations are highlighted, and future directions for next-generation bioprinting technology are also presented.

Bioprinting of osteochondral tissues: A perspective on current gaps and future trends

“…Based upon the mechanism of deposition, bioprinting can be defined in three broad categories-extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB), droplet-based bioprinting (DBB), and laser-based bioprinting (LBB)-the detailed mechanisms of which are available at several sources [55,56] . [57][58][59][60][61] . Thus, bio printing has attracted the attention of researchers working with the quest to devise improved solutions for osteochondral healing.…”

Recent cell printing systems for tissue engineering

“…However, this process also has limitations, such as a relatively low printing resolution owing to the microsized extruding nozzle and comparatively low cell viability caused by severe wall shear stresses within the nozzle using viscous bioink. Therefore, researchers using microextrusion-printing systems are striving for an advanced microextrusion printing technology that creates a precise print with a high cell viability [14,16,34,35] .…”

“…Although inkjet 3D cell printing has Figure 1. Basic techniques of 3D cell printing, (a) laser-assisted 3D cell printing techniques with and without an absorbing layer, [17,22] (b) thermal, piezoelectric, and acoustic inkjet 3D cell printing systems, [22,28] and (c) microextrusion 3D cell printing systems and products [14,35] . unsolved issues, it is expected to be a v ersatile tool in broad tissue engineering application [22,28] .…”

“…Primarily, they have been modified from conventional 3D-printing methods, and adapting them for cell culture. The 3D cell printing techniques are mainly classified into three techniques: (1) laser-assisted, (2) inkjet, and (3) extrusion cell printing [14][15][16] . However, unfortunately, the current cell printing processes have not successfully designed or fabricated 3D porous cell-laden structures ( ).…”

3D bioprinting for cell culture and tissue fabrication

“…According to the employed printing mechanisms, the bioprinting techniques for tissue fabrication are classified into three main types: extrusion-, droplet-and laser-based bioprinting process [8]. In general, extrusion-based bioprinting, perhaps the most widespread method for fabrication, Honglei Jian and Meiyue Wang have contributed equally to this work.…”