Bioprocess Strategy of Haematococcus lacustris for Biomass and Astaxanthin Production Keys to Commercialization: Perspective and Future Direction

Abstract

Haematococcus lacustris (formerly called Haematococcus pluvialis) is regarded as the most promising microalgae for the production of natural astaxanthin, which is secondary metabolism used as a dietary supplement, also for cosmetic applications, due to its high anti-oxidant activity. Astaxanthin has a wide range of biological activities and high economic potential, and currently dominates the market in its synthetic form. Furthermore, because of the difficulty of bioprocess and the high cost of cultivation, astaxanthin extracted from this microalga is still expensive due to its low biomass and pigment productivities. Large-scale biomass production in biotechnological production necessitates the processing of a large number of cultures as well as the use of both indoor and outdoor systems, such as open pond raceway systems and photo-bioreactors (PBR). The photo-bioreactors systems are suitable for mass production because growth conditions can be controlled, and the risk of contamination can be reduced to a certain extent and under specific culture parameters. This review discusses current technologies being developed to improve cultivation and operation efficiency and profitability, as well as the effect of parameter factors associated with H. lacustris cultivation on biomass and astaxanthin bioproduction, and even strategies for increasing bioproduction and market potential for H. lacustris astaxanthin.

Valorisation of prawn carapace waste by Exiguobacterium sp GM010 for pilot scale pigment production and its safety efficacy in Wistar rats

“…Hence, upscaling the pigment production process from the ask to the fermentor scale is essential. The upscaling process reduces production costs by e ciently utilizing raw materials, energy and labour and ensures consistency in the pigments yield under an optimized controlled environment [5]. The culture media, pH, temperature, aeration, agitation, inoculum size and fermentation time are critical parameters to upscale pigment production [6].…”

Effects of Four Organic Carbon Sources on the Growth and Astaxanthin Accumulation of Haematococcus lacustris

“…Inorganic carbon sources directly affect microalgal growth as a result of the high concentration of CO 2 gas and pH control [17]. Astaxanthin production can be promoted by increasing the concentration of CO 2 ; ≤5% CO 2 favored the growth and astaxanthin accumulation of Haematococcus, whereas higher concentrations of CO 2 suppressed growth [18][19][20][21]. Astaxanthin assimilation can be enhanced by adding carbon sources such as acetate, ribose, and mannose to mixotrophic cultures.…”

Isolation of Haematococcus lacustris as source of novel anti-multi-antibiotic resistant microbes agents; fractionation and identification of bioactive compounds

“…H. lacustris is a single-celled freshwater biflagellate green alga of the class Chlorophyceae, order Volvocales, and family of Haematococcaseae [19] , [20] . Haematococcus lacustris (previously named Haematococcus pluvialis ) is regarded as the most hopeful microalgae for production of natural astaxanthin [21] . It is well acknowledged for its outstanding capability in synthesizing bioactive molecules with a wide range of biological activities, including like carotenoids, proteins, and fatty acids (FAs), in particular astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant [22] .…”