Bioprocessing of Agricultural Residues as Substrates and Optimal Conditions for Phytase Production of Chestnut Mushroom, Pholiota adiposa, in Solid State Fermentation

Abstract

Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down phytates to release phosphorus in an available form. This enzyme plays an important role in animals, especially monogastric animals. It serves to improve phytate digestion along with phosphorus absorption, which are required for optimal growth performance and health. In this study, five mushroom species (Amauroderma rugosum SDBR-CMU-A83, Ganoderma mastoporum SDBR-CMU-NK0244, Marusmius sp.1 SDBR-CMU-NK0215, Pholiota adiposa SDBR-CMU-R32 and Piptoporellus triqueter SDBR-CMU-P234) out of 27 mushroom species displayed positive phytase production by agar plate assay. Consequently, these five mushroom species were selected for determination of their potential ability to produce phytase under solid-state fermentation using five agricultural residues (coffee parchment, oil palm empty fruit bunches, rice bran, sawdust, and water hyacinth) as substrates. The highest yield of phytase production (17.02 ± 0.92 units/gram dry substrate) was obtained after one week of fermentation. Optimization for phytase production was determined by statistical approaches using a Plackett–Burman design to screen ten parameters of relevant substrate components. Two significant parameters, the amount of water hyacinth and the moisture content, were found to affect the production process of phytase. Furthermore, the optimal temperature, pH value, and fermentation period were evaluated. The results indicated that the highest degree of phytase production at 53.66 ± 1.68 units/gram dry substrate (3.15-fold increase) was obtained in water hyacinth containing 85% moisture content by addition with a suitable basal liquid medium at a pH value of 6.5 after being incubated at 30 °C for seven days. The crude phytase of P. adiposa was precipitated and the precipitated extract was then used to determine partial characterizations. The precipitated extract displayed high activities after exposure to conditions of 42 °C and pH 5.0. Furthermore, Fe2+ enhanced phytase activity and precipitated extract displayed the best stability at a pH value of 8.0 and a temperature of 4 °C.

Valorization of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Produce Phytase and Cellulolytic Enzymes from a Thermophilic Fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus SL16W, under Semi-Solid State Fermentation

“…lanuginosus IMI 096218, could produce phytase by using rice flour as a carbon source. Furthermore, the study conducted by Jatuwong et al [15] revealed that the highest level of phytase activity (53.66 U/g substrate) was observed with Pholiota adiposa in water hyacinth containing 85% moisture content supplemented with a basal medium at a pH value of 6.5 after being incubated at 30 • C for 7 days. Therefore, the activity of phytase obtained from a microbial species was found to be directly dependent upon the type of substrate and fungal species, as well as the actual fungal strain.…”

“…Additionally, it has been reported that various forms of feedstuff used in Belgian feed-mills, such as rye, triticale, wheat, barley, and wheat by-products, qualify as enriched sources of phytase [14]. Similarly, water hyacinth, one of the world's worst aquatic weeds, was found to be a good source for phytase production by Pholiota adiposa SDBR-CMU-R32 [15]. Thus, agricultural wastes are of particular interest as substrates in fermentation because they are known to contain lignocellulose which can serve as a carbon source.…”

Influence of Pholiota adiposa on gut microbiota and promote tumor cell apoptosis properties in H22 tumor-bearing mice

“…Pholiota adiposa is a famous edible mushroom found in Northeast Asia, and its fruit body has a better antitumor effect. P. adiposa is rich in polysaccharides, proteins, vitamins, and sterols 7 . The fruit body of P. adiposa is rich in medicinal properties and contains functional substances, such as polysaccharides, peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ribonucleic acids, lectins, triterpenoids, adenine, and steroids 8 .…”

Agro-Industrial Wastes: A Substrate for Multi-Enzymes Production by Cryphonectria parasitica

“…Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the bioprocessing of agro-industrial wastes through SSF, achieving their valorization to produce industrial enzymes [22][23][24]. In most cases, filamentous fungi are particularly interesting for SSF processes, since they have the unique capacities to colonize the interparticle spaces of solid matrices and to secrete mixtures of enzymes, in place of single enzymes, that allow to metabolize complex mixtures of organic compounds found in most residues, as required by several industries [25][26][27].…”