“…antioxidant (Petropoulos, Pereira, Tzortzakis et al, 2018;Petropoulos, Pereira, Ntatsi et al, 2018), antibacterial Scavo et al, 2019), antifungal (Petropoulos et al, 2019;Scavo et al, 2019), anti-tumour (do Carmo, Pressete, Marques, Granato, & Azevedo, 2018, and anti-inflammatory properties (Kammoun et al, 2010;Mandim et al, 2021). Cardoon seeds are mostly explored for edible oil extraction (Mirpoor, Giosafatto, & Porta, 2021). Although there are previous works describing the chemical composition and some bioactivities of cardoon seeds, which have a composition rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds of pharmacological interest (Durazzo et al, 2013;Petropoulos et al, 2019), studies with samples obtained at different maturity stages are very scarce and can be an important contribution to the proper use of this plant material and, simultaneously, add economic value to this species.…”