Bioresourced fillers for rubber composite sustainability: current development and future opportunities

Chang, Boon Peng; Gupta, Arvind; Muthuraj, Rajendran; Mekonnen, Tizazu H.

doi:10.1039/d1gc01115d

Cited by 118 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 334 publications

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“…Polyamide can be reinforced with bamboo fibers [ 26 ], basalt/flax interwoven fibers [ 27 ], cellulose fibers [ 28 ], lignocellulosic pine fibers [ 29 ] or beech fibers [ 30 ]. Such biofillers are considered to be economically viable, less-contributing to the carbon footprint, and environmentally non-burdening when reaching material end-of-life [ 31 ]. The development of novel, biopolymer-based and/or biofiller containing, high performance biocomposites, constituting a large part of the bioplastics group, is an important trend in the development of circular economy [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocomposites Based on Polyamide 11/Diatoms with Different Sized Frustules

et al. 2022

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Amorphous diatomite containing approx. 80% silicon dioxide SiO2 was used as a filler for a thermoplastic polymer of polyamide 11 obtained from natural sources. The diatomite particles of different sizes were previously fractionated by sedimentation to obtain powders with varying particle size distribution, including powders with or without frustule particles, crushed, uncrushed or agglomerated. Biocomposites containing 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% filler were tested for their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength. In addition, a particle size analysis (by Dynamic Light Scattering, DLS) was performed and the dispersion of the filler in the polymer matrix (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM), thermal parameters (Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, DMA) were determined. Testing showed that biocomposites modified with diatomaceous earth have a higher mechanical strength than the reference system, especially with larger amounts of the filler (10 and 20%), e.g., the tensile strength of pure PA11 is about 46 MPa, while 20OB and 20OF 47.5 and 47 MPa, respectively, while an increase in max. flexural strength and flexural modulus is also observed compared to pure PA11 by a maximum of 63 and 54%, respectively Diatomaceous earth can be obtained in various ways—it is commercially available or it is possible to breed diatoms in laboratory conditions, while the use of commercially available diatomite, which contains diatoms of different sizes, eliminates the possibility of controlling mechanical parameters by filling biocomposites with a filler with the desired particle size distribution, and diatom breeding is not possible on an industrial scale. Our proposed biocomposite based on fractionated diatomaceous earth using a sedimentation process addresses the current need to produce biocomposite materials from natural sources, and moreover, the nature of the process, due to its simplicity, can be successfully used on an industrial scale.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocomposites Based on Polyamide 11/Diatoms with Different Sized Frustules

et al. 2022

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“…As a major component in plants, lignin is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer resource on earth, but it is yet to be well utilised despite an annual global lignin production of over 50 million tonnes from the pulping and biorefinery industry. [20][21][22] As industrial lignin is cheaper than carbon black, many researchers use industrial lignin as a cheaper filler for substituting carbon black filler in the rubber industry, 23 but rare reports focus on the application of lignin as a functional photothermal agent in polymer materials. The strong p-p interaction of lignin can trigger photothermal conversion.…”

Section: Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fast-response biomimetic phototropic material built by a coordination-assisted photothermal domino strategy

Wang

Liu

et al. 2022

Mater. Horiz.

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“…1,2 On the other hand, lignocellulosic fillers are readily available, renewable, biodegradable, lightweight and inexpensive making them promising candidates to replace conventional fillers in NR composites. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Since lignocellulosic fillers are extracted from plants, their main components are similar (cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose), but their ratios depend on the type of plant (wood, bast, leaf, seed, grass, etc.) These differences in chemical compositions lead to different mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, CB is a petroleum‐based material and requires high amounts of energy for its production, leading to environmental issues and higher production costs 1,2 . On the other hand, lignocellulosic fillers are readily available, renewable, biodegradable, lightweight and inexpensive making them promising candidates to replace conventional fillers in NR composites 3–11 . Since lignocellulosic fillers are extracted from plants, their main components are similar (cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose), but their ratios depend on the type of plant (wood, bast, leaf, seed, grass, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose and lignin as carbon black replacement in natural rubber

Kazemi

Parot

Stevanović

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Lignocellulosic fillers have gained attention as biofillers due to their low cost, availability, and eco‐friendly nature. Various lignocellulosic fillers from different sources having different chemical compositions have been used in natural rubber (NR) without sufficient comparison. So the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of two well defined industrial fillers (lignin and cellulose) along with black spruce cellulosic pulps obtained from an organosolv process on the properties of NR. To this end, a range (0/100–100/0) of lignin/cellulose (L/C) ratios is prepared. The biobased materials are chemically extracted from black spruce sawdust to partially replace carbon black (CB) in NR composites. The results show that higher L/C ratios provide higher tensile strength and elongation break, while lower ratios produce higher tensile modulus and hardness. These results indicate that a balance between different mechanical properties can be achieved by controlling the L/C ratio. A discussion on the total replacement of CB by lignin or cellulose is also presented to produce a more biobased compound.

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Bioresourced fillers for rubber composite sustainability: current development and future opportunities

Abstract: Ending the fossil fuel era towards a sustainable future will require high-performing renewable materials with a low environmental impact. Carbon black, produced by partial combustion or thermal decomposition of petroleum...

Cited by 118 publications

References 334 publications

Biocomposites Based on Polyamide 11/Diatoms with Different Sized Frustules

Biocomposites Based on Polyamide 11/Diatoms with Different Sized Frustules

A fast-response biomimetic phototropic material built by a coordination-assisted photothermal domino strategy

Cellulose and lignin as carbon black replacement in natural rubber

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