Bioresponsive functional nanogels as an emerging platform for cancer therapy

Abstract

AIE, aggregation-induced emission; ATP, adenosine-5'-triphosphate; ATRP, atom transfer radical polymerization; BSA, bovine serum albumin; CBA, cystamine bisacrylamide; CC, Cytochrome C; CDDP, cisplatin; CT, computed tomography; DC, dendritic cell; DiI, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; DOX, doxorubicin; dPG, dendritic polyglycerol; DTT, dithiothreitol; EAMA, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate; EPR, enhanced permeability and retention; GrB, granzyme B; GSH, glutathione tripeptide; HA, hyaluronic acid; HAase, hyaluronidases; HCPT, 10-Hydroxycamptothecin; HEP, heparin; HPMC, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; LBL, layer-by-layer; MTX, methotrexate; NCA, N-carboxyanhydride; OVA, ovalbumin; PAH, poly(allyl amine hydrochloride); PBA, phenylboronic acid; PCL, polycaprolactone; PDEAEMA, poly(2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate); PDGF, platelet derived growth factor; PDPA, poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate); PDS, pyridyldisulfide; PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); PEGMA, polyethyleneglycol methacrylate; PEI, polyethyleneimine; PHEA, poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate); PHEMA, poly(2-(hydroxyethyl) methacrylate; PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide); PMAA, poly(methacrylic acid); PPDSMA, poly(2-(pyridyldisulfide)ethyl methacrylate); PTX, paclitaxel; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); QD, quantum dot; RAFT, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer; RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp peptide; ROP, ring-opening polymerization; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TMZ, temozolomide; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

Development of a Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanocarrier Incorporating Doxorubicin and Cisplatin as a pH-Sensitive and CD44-Targeted Anti-Breast Cancer Drug Delivery System

“…In the present study, an HA-modified nanoparticle was designed to encapsulate DOX and CDDP via side carboxyl (COOH) groups as a novel formulation for treatment of breast cancer. Doxorubicin, a chemotherapy drug that is widely used clinically, reduces DNA repair capacity, and has been shown to exert synergistic effects with CDDP for treatment of breast cancer ( Roy et al, 2018 ; Guo et al, 2019 ) Previous studies used CDDP as a crosslinker for chelating HA and DOX at an optimized ratio to generate stable drug-loaded nanogels with suitable particle sizes ( Harrington et al, 2000 ; Huang et al, 2018 ). The stability and pH-sensitivity of HA-DOX-CDDP were verified at pH 7.4, 6.8, and 5.5 in our study to simulate normal physiological microenvironments, acidic tumor tissue, and lysosomal microenvironments, respectively ( Fan et al, 2015 ; Cheng et al, 2019 ).…”

Potential Applications of Advanced Nano/Hydrogels in Biomedicine: Static, Dynamic, Multi‐Stage, and Bioinspired

“…These characteristics allow these gels to efficiently release their cargo at the target site, as well as to recognize target cells with high specificity. [77] These bioresponsive gels are not only used to target solid tumors, but any cell type with a specific ligand-receptor interaction could be targeted. [78] Active Ligand-Based Targeting: Generally, multifunctional nanogels could be synthesized with either intrinsic targeting, as in HA-based nanogels sensitive to hyaluronidase that is present in TME, or the aforementioned hydrogel-coated targeting ligands.…”

“…[78] Active Ligand-Based Targeting: Generally, multifunctional nanogels could be synthesized with either intrinsic targeting, as in HA-based nanogels sensitive to hyaluronidase that is present in TME, or the aforementioned hydrogel-coated targeting ligands. [77,79] The decision to select the ligand of interest is based on assessing the ligand for its uniqueness to attach to the desired target, its binding affinity, specificity, as well as immunogenicity. [80] As a tumor targeting peptide, iRGD was functionalized on fluorescent bovine serum albumin (BSA), which itself was encapsulated in gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) that were conjugated to DOX-loaded thermo-and pH-responsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) nanogels.…”

Polyethylenimine‐Based Nanogels for Biomedical Applications

“…In general, PEI‐based NG vectors bind DNA or RNA electrostatically and condense the genetic materials to form particles with a small size to protect genes and mediate cellular uptake. Moreover, PEI‐based NGs can recognize specific cell types by conjugation of targeting ligands such as galactose, mannose, transferrin, and antibodies onto the NG surfaces. Both plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA) have been frequently involved for gene therapies of numerous diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infections through the selective inhibition of messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences …”