Biosecurity and Hygiene Procedures in Pig Farms: Effects of a Tailor-Made Approach as Monitored by Environmental Samples

Scollo, A.; Perrucci, Alice; Stella, Maria Cristina; Ferrari, Paolo; Robino, Patrizia; Nebbia, Patrizia

doi:10.3390/ani13071262

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…In general, motivating farmers to adopt a standard hygiene protocol and alter their daily routines poses a well-known challenge [23,36,37]. As reported by Garforth et al (2013) many farmers believe they are already taking all reasonable measures to minimize disease risk, considering other practices irrelevant [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As reported by Garforth et al (2013) many farmers believe they are already taking all reasonable measures to minimize disease risk, considering other practices irrelevant [38]. Additionally, limited resources, such as insufficient supplies of cleaning agents, disinfectants, personal protective equipment, or appropriate infrastructure for quarantine areas, can make it challenging to adhere to the recommended protocols [23,36,39]. As reported by Alarcón et al (2021) farm personnel play a critical role in maintaining internal biosecurity, with responsibilities for implementing biosecurity rules while also having the potential to inadvertently spread pathogens within the farm [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereby, inconsistent practices, lack of time, and inadequate training contribute to these issues, increasing disease transmission risk [2,20,23]. Recent studies have found that non-compliance with biosecurity measures is often related to inadequate training of farm personnel and poor communication with advisors [36,[44][45][46]. Additionally, factors like farm infrastructure, condition variability, insufficient supervision, monitoring, and documentation also contribute to the gaps [34,47,48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study conducted by Chen et al (2023) highlighted that biosecurity cognition plays a substantial mediating role in the adoption of C&D methods by pig farmers who have undergone specialized training [49]. Therefore, addressing all these factors through improved knowledge dissemination and effective evaluation techniques can enhance biosecurity practices on pig farms [17,36,45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Cleaning and Disinfection Practices on Pig Farms across Ten European Countries

Makovska,

Chantziaras,

Caekebeke

et al. 2024

Animals

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This study delves into the assessment of cleaning and disinfection (C&D) measures within the context of European pig farming, employing the Biocheck.UGent™ tool as an effective instrument for evaluation. A comprehensive set of relevant parameters was examined to enable meaningful comparisons across farms from 10 European countries during four years (2019–2022). Findings indicate a notable increase in C&D measure implementation in select countries (Belgium, Finland, Italy, and Spain), reflecting heightened awareness and responsibility among farmers. Additionally, the overall score for the C&D subcategory highlights variation across countries, with Italy (75), Poland (74), and Belgium (72) displaying the highest scores, while Ireland (56), Slovenia (55), and Serbia (50) reported the lowest scores. However, the considerable variation in the number of participating farms necessitates cautious comparisons. The study identifies well-implemented C&D measures in the frame of external biosecurity but underscores gaps in the application of C&D measures for the material introduction practices across farms (22% of farms), which are attributed to awareness gaps and resource limitations. In the areas of internal biosecurity, strong points include C&D procedures after each production cycle (79%), implementing different stages in the C&D process (65%) and sufficient sanitary break (82%), while gaps are evident in the presence and using of hand hygiene stations (19% of farms) and boots disinfection equipment (40% of farms) between compartments/units. Notably, the study reveals a lack of evaluation of hygiene after C&D procedures (only 1% of farms), signaling critical knowledge gaps among farmers regarding proper assessment tools and methods. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis sheds light on the implementation status of C&D measures in European pig farming, offering insights into both areas of progress and those requiring improvement. The findings emphasize the need for targeted awareness campaigns and training initiatives to bolster biosecurity practices within the industry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Assessment of Cleaning and Disinfection Practices on Pig Farms across Ten European Countries

Makovska,

Chantziaras,

Caekebeke

et al. 2024

Animals

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“…Щоб досягти максимальної ефективності дезінфекції потрібно неухильно дотримуватися і правильно виконувати заходи, що передують дезінфекційній обробці і забезпечують оптимальні умови для знищення мікроорганізмів (Pryskoka et al, 2010;Kisera & Martyniv 2022;Shkromada & Fotina, 2023). Внаслідок недостатньої обізнаності, неправильного управління ризиками, часового тиску, обмеженості ресурсів, відсутності системного контролю та інших чинників значна кіль-кість виробників тваринницької продукції недооцінює важливість переддезінфекційних заходів, до яких належать механічне очищення, обробка із застосуванням мийних засобів, гідроочищення та висушування, і часто ігнорують їх проведення (NAHEMS, 2014; Scollo et al, 2023). Про малу ефективність дезінфікуючих засобів без проведення комплексу переддезінфекційних заходів вказує А. П. Палій, який також стверджує, що через три-чотири цикли такої обробки, у тріщинах, нерівностях та заглибинах формуються популяції мікробів, резистентні до біоциду (Palij & Vedmid' 2015).…”

Section: вступunclassified

The role of pre-disinfection measures in reducing the microbial load of pig house facilities

Myronchuk,

Peleno

2023

SMLNUVMB

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Premises for keeping animals and objects in them are constantly exposed to significant contamination with organic substances, substantially impacting the disinfection quality. To achieve its maximum effectiveness, it is essential to consistently perform pre-disinfection measures that create optimal conditions for the destruction of microorganisms. However, due to a lack of awareness, poor risk management, time and resource constraints, and lack of systematic controls, many livestock producers underestimate the importance of pre-disinfection measures, which include mechanical cleaning, detergent treatment, hydro-cleaning, and drying. Improper implementation or complete absence of pre-disinfection measures can create favorable conditions for the development of pathogenic microorganisms, which threatens the health and productivity of animals. The work aimed to establish the effect of pre-disinfection measures on the microbial load of piggery facilities. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that before the pre-disinfection measures were carried out at the facilities of pig farms, the total number of microorganisms in honey was from 5.12 ± 0.49 to 6.83 ± 0.54 log CFU/cm3 of washing. The least covered with microflora were feeding troughs, 5.5 % more feeders, 17 % walls, 19 % intercellular partitions, and 25.1 % floors. Carrying out mechanical cleaning of the researched objects of animal husbandry premises ensured a reduction of microflora on their surface from 1.6 to 8.1 % and treatment with the “Grass” agent – from 15.3 to 18.5 %. A decrease in the amount of microflora from 23.7 to 30.9 % on the floor, inter-cage partitions, walls, feeders, and drinking troughs was established after their hydro-cleaning with the high-pressure device “Aqua Master”, and the specified differences were probable (P < 0.05). It has been proven that the proper implementation of all stages of pre-disinfection requirements leads to a possible (P < 0.05) decrease in the microbial load, which was 28.7 % on the floor, 38.3 % on the intercellular partitions, 36.1 % on the walls, 32.0 % in the feeders, 8 %, and 34 % on water supply.

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Toxicological properties of mixtures of binary silver-copper, silver-zinc, and copper nanoparticles on cell culture model and laboratory animals

Kovalenko,

Paliy,

Kornieikov

et al. 2024

Regul. Mech. Biosyst.

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The development, testing, and implementation of antimicrobial agents necessitates the determination of their toxicological characteristics. The objective of our research was to ascertain the direction and magnitude of the impact of experimental samples of disinfectants based on binary silver-copper, silver-zinc, and copper nanoparticles on biological entities of disparate levels of organization (cell culture, laboratory animals). The culture of calf coronary vessel cells (CVCs), 220 mature white laboratory rats, and 45 Chinchilla rabbits were used for the study. Mixtures of binary nanoparticles D1: MeNPs content – 5.4 mmol/L; D2: MeNPs content – 4.9 mmol/L were used as antimicrobial compounds. Toxic effects on cell culture were determined by the percentage of monolayer integrity, and biological effects in animals were determined by determining acute and subacute toxicity by clinical and biochemical parameters. The results of the culture studies demonstrated that the CC50 value of D2 was 6.2 times lower than that of D1, indicating a higher degree of cytotoxicity. No animal deaths were observed in the acute toxicity test (single intragastric administration to white rats at a dose of 30000 mg/kg body weight), which permitted the classification of the test samples as Class VI toxicity (relatively harmless) and Class IV hazardous (low-hazardous). When applied topically to rabbits' skin and mucous membranes, the experimental samples did not exhibit a pronounced irritant effect. A 30-day dermal application of the drugs to rats at doses of 0.5 and 5.0 mL/kg was conducted to determine the impact on hematological and biochemical parameters of a tenfold dose. Following the cessation of the administration of the aforementioned experimental disinfectant samples, the levels of all indicators were observed to return to the control levels within 14 days. The higher toxicity of the D2 drug for biological systems of different levels of organization, compared to the D1 drug, may be attributed to two factors: the higher concentration of AgNPs (2.4 times) and the potentiation of the toxic effect of two binary compounds (Ag-Zn and Ag-Cu) in its composition. Further research is needed to determine the biological impact of experimental samples of disinfectants based on silver, copper, and zinc metal nanoparticles on other functional systems of laboratory animals and the clinical and biochemical status of productive agricultural animals in production conditions.

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Biosecurity and Hygiene Procedures in Pig Farms: Effects of a Tailor-Made Approach as Monitored by Environmental Samples

Cited by 8 publications

References 78 publications

Assessment of Cleaning and Disinfection Practices on Pig Farms across Ten European Countries

Assessment of Cleaning and Disinfection Practices on Pig Farms across Ten European Countries

The role of pre-disinfection measures in reducing the microbial load of pig house facilities

Toxicological properties of mixtures of binary silver-copper, silver-zinc, and copper nanoparticles on cell culture model and laboratory animals

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