Biosensor Elektrokimia untuk Memonitor Level Hemoglobin Terglikasi (HbA1c) pada Penyakit Diabetes Melitus

Abstract

<p>Hiperglikemia merupakan ciri diabetes melitus, sekelompok penyakit metabolik yang disebabkan oleh kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin, atau keduanya. Hiperglikemia dapat menyebabkan kerusakan jangka panjang, disfungsi, dan kegagalan berbagai organ, terutama jantung, mata, saraf, pembuluh darah, dan ginjal. Oleh karena itu, diagnosis dan pemantauan rutin kadar glukosa darah sangat penting dilakukan. Hemoglobin terglikasi (HbA1c) adalah hemoglobin yang berikatan dengan glukosa dalam darah dan ditetapkan menjadi biomarker hiperglikemia yang dapat mengindikasikan diabetes atau prediabetes. Akan tetapi, pengukuran HbA1c di laboratorium klinis membutuhkan instrumen yang canggih dan mahal, tenaga ahli khusus dan waktu lama. Oleh karena itu, biosensor elektrokimia kemudian mulai dikembangkan untuk mendeteksi kadar HbA1c karena mudah digunakan, hasil cepat, dan harga yang murah. Ulasan ini membahas biosensor elektrokimia untuk mendeteksi HbA1c dan metode imobilisasi bioreseptor.</p><p><strong>Electrochemical Biosensor for Monitoring Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Levels in Diabetes Mellitus. </strong>Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic diseases caused by defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, or both. Hyperglycemia can cause long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the heart, blood vessels, eyes, nerves, and kidneys.. Therefore, routine diagnosis and monitoring of blood glucose levels are very important. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is hemoglobin that binds to glucose in the blood and is established as a biomarker of hyperglycemia that may indicate diabetes or prediabetes. However, measurement of HbA1c in the clinical laboratory requires large and expensive instruments, specialized experts, and takes a long time. Therefore, an electrochemical biosensor began to be developed to detect HbA1c levels because it is easy to use and has fast results at lower prices. This review discusses electrochemical biosensors for detecting HbA1c and the immobilization of bioreceptors. </p>

Advances in electrochemical biosensors employing carbon-based electrodes for detection of biomarkers in diabetes mellitus

“…Electrochemical biosensors detect the current produced by reduction or oxidation reactions, which is directly proportional to the concentration of electroactive species present [ 93 ]. Techniques such as voltammetry, amperometry, and chronoamperometry are employed to investigate electrochemical behaviour [ 94 ]. These techniques generate data based on changes in current, potential, impedance, and conductivity, which are then analyzed to elucidate reaction mechanisms at the electrode surface and calculate specific reaction constants [ 95 ]…”

Detection of Biomarker Using Aptasensors to Determine the Type of Diabetes

“…The detection technique that is currently being developed uses an electrochemical aptasensor for HbA1c detection because of its advantages, such as having a high affinity, low cost, easy modification and specific response [ 63 , 64 ]. Eissa et al (2017) developed a label-free aptamer array to detect HbA1c and tHb in human blood.…”