Biosorptive Removal of Ethacridine Lactate from Aqueous Solutions by Saccharomyces pastorianus Residual Biomass/Calcium Alginate Composite Beads: Fixed-Bed Column Study

Abstract

In this study, ethacridine lactate removal from aqueous solution using a biosorbent material based on residual microbial biomass and natural polymers in fixed-bed continuous column was investigated. Composite beads of Saccharomyces pastorianus residual biomass and calcium alginate were obtained by immobilization technique. The prepared biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analysis of point of zero charge value. Then, laboratory-scale experiments by fixed-bed column biosorption were conducted in continuous system. To this purpose, the column bed high (5 cm; 7.5 cm), initial pollutant concentration (20 mg/L; 40 mg/L), and solution flow through the column (0.6 mL/min; 1.5 mL/min) were considered the main parameters. Recorded breakthrough curves suggest that lower flow rates, greater bed heights, and a lower concentration of ethacridine lactate led to an increased biosorption of the target compound. The biosorption dynamic was investigated by nonlinear regression analysis using the Adams–Bohart, Yoon–Nelson, Clark, and Yan mathematical models. Conclusively, our research highlights, firstly, that the obtained biosorbent material has the required properties for retaining the ethacridine lactate from aqueous solution in continuous system. Secondly, it emphasizes that the modeling approach reveals an acceptable fitting with the experimental data for the Yoon–Nelson, Clark, and Yan models.

Fixed-Bed Column Adsorption Studies: Comparison of Alginate-Based Adsorbents for La(III) Ions Recovery

“…To describe the ion exchange process properly, the shape of the breakthrough curve and the adsorbent exchange capacity under the specified conditions must be determined for the dynamic technique. When considering the parameters of the column experiments, it can be seen that lower flow rates, large bed depths, and lower adsorbate concentrations are recommended to achieve the best dynamic adsorption results [ 53 ]. According to Donia et al [ 54 ], the breakthrough occurred more quickly at higher flow rates when taking the flow rate into account.…”

Saccharomyces pastorianus Residual Biomass Immobilized in a Polymer Matrix as a Biosorbent for Reactive Dye Removal: Investigations in a Dynamic System

“…Various numerical kinetic models in their linear or nonlinear form are presented in the literature to evaluate breakthrough behavior and the effects of independent variables on a dynamic adsorption system, such as those of Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, Bohart–Adams, Clark, and Yan [ 24 , 37 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. The obtained experimental data were analyzed using some of the most well-known models from the scientific literature, including the Yoon–Nelson (1), Bohart–Adams (2), Clark (3), and Yan (4) models, in order to determine the typical biosorption parameters in the dynamic biosorption system [ 24 , 42 , 43 ].…”

“…Yan (2001) suggested a model (Equation (5)) with the main goal of minimizing the mathematical adjustment error of the Thomas model. The model fitted the adsorption column curve using an empirical approach [ 37 , 42 ]. Its nonlinear form is represented by Equation (5): where C 0 (mg/mL) and C t (mg/mL) are the dye concentrations in the influent and in the effluent, respectively; Q is the flow rate (mL/min); t (min) is the biosorption time; m (g) is the biosorbent mass; k Y (dimensionless) is the Yan constant rate; and q Y (mg/g) is the biosorbent maximum adsorption capacity.…”

“…With 1.82 billion hectoliters of beer produced worldwide in 2020 [ 35 ], the leftover biomass of the fungus Saccharomyces pastorianus (fungi) is a widely available byproduct of this process. Although this biomass is widely available and safe, its use in biosorption processes has only been described in a small number of research studies [ 36 , 37 ]. This makes it a potentially innovative and practical option in the biosorbents field.…”

Natural and Natural-Based Polymers: Recent Developments in Management of Emerging Pollutants

“…A physical adsorption (explained by Van der Waals forces) was described by the authors as the primary adsorption mechanism. Rusu et al evaluated the removal of acrinol (also known by the trade name Rivanol) using composites obtained from residual microbial biomass (Saccharomyces pastorianus) and a natural polymer (sodium alginate, modified by the addition of calcium chloride), both in batch [47] and in fixed-bed column studies [48]. The authors proved that the developed composites can be successfully applied for theoretical studies (using batch experiments) and can also be practically applied in scaled-up installations, as the fixed-bed column experiments would suggest.…”