Biosynthesis and Bioactivity of Prodiginine Analogs in Marine Bacteria, Pseudoalteromonas: A Mini Review

Abstract

The Prodiginine family consists of primarily red-pigmented tripyrrole secondary metabolites that were first characterized in the Gram-negative bacterial species Serratia marcescens and demonstrates a wide array of biological activities and applications. Derivatives of prodiginine have since been characterized in the marine γ-proteobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas . Although biosynthetic gene clusters involved in prodiginine synthesis display homology among genera, there is an evident structural difference in the resulting metabolites. This review will summarize prodiginine biosynthesis, bioactivity, and gene regulation in Pseudoalteromonas in comparison to the previously characterized species of Serratia , discuss the ecological contributions of Pseudoalteromonas in the marine microbiome and their eukaryotic hosts, and consider the importance of modern functional genomics and classic DNA manipulation to understand the overall prodiginine biosynthesis pathway.

Repurposing anti-diabetic drug “Sitagliptin” as a novel virulence attenuating agent in Serratia marcescens

“…The red pigments prodiginine and its analogs prodigiosin, were first extracted from terrestrial bacterium S. marcescens. These pigments were widely used in wide array of biomedical and industrial applications including algicidal, bactericidal, anticancer, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, insecticidal, immunosuppressive agents and colorants [36]. Prodigiosin is a QS controlled pigment that is produced by S. marcescens.…”

Substrate Flexibility of the Flavin‐Dependent Dihydropyrrole Oxidases PigB and HapB Involved in Antibiotic Prodigiosin Biosynthesis

“…Prodigiosin is the product of a bifurcated pathway (Scheme B) with the synthesis of MAP on one side and the synthesis of MBC on the other, with a final enzyme, PigC, catalysing the condensation of the two to form prodigiosin . Even though the organisms producing prodigiosin are quite diverse, the genetic clusters coding for prodigiosin biosynthesis have shown a large degree of conservation.…”

Bacterial pathogens: threat or treat (a review on bioactive natural products from bacterial pathogens)

“…have been reviewed recently. 227,228 Prodigiosin 36 has numerous potential benecial properties such as antibacterial, 229 antifungal, 223 antimalarial, 230 antiprotozoal, 231 anticancer, 232 immunosuppressant, 233 and as natural colourants for the dyeing of silk and wool. 227,234 It is active against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and B. subtilis, 221 and Gram-negative E. coli, Erwinia carotovora, S. enterica, as well as drug-resistant strains such as MRSA and oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (ORSA).…”

“…However, the precise role of the pigment remains elusive due to the diversity of prodiginine producers. 228 In S. marcescens, prodigiosin 36 is not an essential virulence factor. 218 Some reports have suggested potential roles of the pigment which is likely a mode of defence against microbial competitors in a continuously dynamic environment or as a response to natural stressors.…”

“…218 Some reports have suggested potential roles of the pigment which is likely a mode of defence against microbial competitors in a continuously dynamic environment or as a response to natural stressors. 223,228 Apart from its protective function against predators, prodigiosin may also serve as a metabolic sink (energy overow) through the consumption of the excess NAD(P)H or proline from primary metabolism. 242 S. marcescens colonizes and propagates in the environment via swarming, swimming, and air dispersal.…”