Biosynthesis and characterization of bacterial nanocellulose and polyhydroxyalkanoate films using bacterial strains isolated from fermented coconut water
“…Biopolymer films were kept from swelling due to the network of connected biopolymers and other substances [ 70 ]. Akhter [ 71 ] also observed compatible results in the case of bacterial nanocellulose-induced biopolymer film. Fig.…”
“…Biopolymer films were kept from swelling due to the network of connected biopolymers and other substances [ 70 ]. Akhter [ 71 ] also observed compatible results in the case of bacterial nanocellulose-induced biopolymer film. Fig.…”
“…This is first time that the bacterial strain (B. subtilis strain FPP-K) has been isolated from the source and further implemented as a crosslinker in manufacturing of vegan leather. Similarly, a bacterial strain of B. subtilis was found in fermented mature coconut water, and the strain likewise yielded the PHA biopolymer [10]. Several reports demonstrated the crosslinking properties of the PHA biopolymer in different disciplines of research [9,21].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…According to Gomaa [16], the Sudan Black B test was mostly performed to identify PHA. PHA biopolymer extraction was performed with a gravimetric methodology [10]. The surface bacterial growth was manually harvested using a spatula as well as the liquid bacterial culture was retrieved and treated using the following procedure.…”
Section: Composition and Growth Conditions Of Culture Mediamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been demonstrated that different biopolymers can function as a crosslinker in both traditional and advanced composite systems [14]. In the current study, a system using discarded mycelium wood is introduced, where further bonding is done with biodegradable PHA biopolymer [10]. Moreover, the biodegradable mycelium wood has been used to produce biodegradable organic vegan leather, in addition to PHA, which is extracted from Bacillus subtilis, isolated from fermented black tea liquor waste for the very first time.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The current work presents a panel system that includes fungal mycelium-treated wood particles, with additional crosslinked bonding provided by natural biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer derived from microorganisms [9]. PHAs seem to be well biomaterials because of their biological origin, biosynthesis, biocompatibility, and biodegradability properties [10]. The leather-like mechanical strength is updated by integrating jute fabric and adopting a sandwich concept [11].…”
Vegan leather derived from mushroom mycelium is a revolutionary technology that addresses the issues raised by bovine and synthetic leather. Jute–mycelium-based vegan leather was constructed using hessian jute fabric, natural rubber solution, and extracted polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer from Bacillus subtilis strain FPP-K isolated from fermented herbal black tea liquor waste. The bacterial strain was confirmed using 16S rRNA genomic sequencing. The structural characteristics of sustainable mycelium vegan leather were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGA methods. To address the functional features of the developed vegan leather, solubility, swelling degree, WVP, WCA, and mechanical strength were also evaluated. Mycelium networking was further validated by micromorphological examination (SEM) of the leather sample’s cross-sectional area. Jute–mycelium leather demonstrated a tensile strength of 8.62 MPa and a % elongation of 8.34, which were significantly greater than the control sample. Vegan leather displayed a strong peak in the O ═ H group of carbohydrates in the examination of chemical bonds. A high-frequency infrared wavelength of 1,462 cm−1 revealed the amide group of protein due to the presence of mycelium, while the absorption peak at 1,703 cm−1 in leather indicated the crosslinking of PHA. Moreover, the TGA study finalized the thermal stability of leather. The enhanced hydrophobicity and reduced swelling degree and solubility also endorsed the water resistance properties of the leather. The results of the investigation substantiated the potential properties of mycelium vegan leather as animal- and environment-free leather.
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