Biosynthesis and Functions of Fungal Melanins

Bell, and A A; Wheeler, Michael H.

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002211

Cited by 864 publications

(374 citation statements)

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“…Melanin has been found to be essential in pathogenicity processes in several fungi such as Pyricularia or Colletotrichum (Bell and Wheeler, 1986), being necessary in these fungi to penetrate the host epidermis and advance across the remaining tissues. Several authors (i.e.…”

Section: Pathology and Hypovirulence In The Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review. Biology and systematics of the form genus Rhizoctonia

García¹,

Onco

Susan

2006

Span. j. agric. res.

204

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Members of the form genus Rhizoctonia D.C. are considered as a complex mixture of filamentous fungi, having in common the possession of a non-spored imperfect state, usually referred to as the Rhizoctonia anamorph. The group includes several of the most devastating crop pathogens like Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (anamorph = Rhizoctonia solani Kühn), the majority of orchid mycorrhizal symbionts (mainly belonging to genus Ceratobasidium D.P. Rogers) and a collection of saprotrophic organisms of different systematic placement. The Rhizoctonia anamorph is characterized by several common features present among members of the entire Rhizoctonia species complex. Taxa from the group have been rearranged into several groups of higher fungi, including both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and split into several genera, employing criteria such as the analysis and ultrastructural comparison of septal apparatus. Until very recently, classification for some of the groups within the complex has been exclusively based on criteria such as hyphal anastomosis, since other types of diagnostic features are usually scarce in these fungi. Phytopathological studies in the complex have represented the major contingent of contributions in the group, especially in the case of R. solani. Some members of the complex have been reported to be protective isolates against pathogenic members of Rhizoctonia and some other fungal pathogens. This review focuses on the knowledge of several aspects of the species of Rhizcotonia s. lato, such as its current taxonomic placement, the biology and systematics of some groups of the complex, and a revision of the methodologies employed in studying it.Additional key words: Basidiomycetes, biocontrol, Ceratobasidiaceae, Ceratobasidium, fungal diseases, methodology, taxonomy, Thanatephorus. Resumen Biología y Sistemática del género forma RhizoctoniaLos miembros del género forma Rhizoctonia D.C. son considerados como un complejo de hongos filamentosos, presentando en común una fase asexual no productora de esporas, denominada anamorfo tipo Rhizoctonia. El grupo incluye algunos importantes patógenos como Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (anamorfo=Rhizoctonia solani Kühn), la mayoría de especies micorrícicas de orquídeas (principalmente del género Ceratobasidium D.P. Rogers), y algunos taxones de posición taxonómica variada. El anamorfo tipo Rhizoctonia es definido por una serie de características, presentes y comunes en todos los taxones del complejo. Los taxones del grupo han sido distribuidos entre varios grupos de hongos, incluyendo Ascomicetes y Basidiomicetes, y reubicados en varios géneros de ambas clases, empleando criterios de clasificación tales como el análisis y comparación de la ultraestructura del aparato septal. Habitualmente, la clasificación en algunos de los grupos del complejo ha estado basada en la aplicación de criterios tales como la anastomosis hifal, debido a que en este tipo de hongos es escasa la presencia de un número aceptable de caracteres diagnósticos. Los trabajos ...

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Section: Pathology and Hypovirulence In The Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review. Biology and systematics of the form genus Rhizoctonia

García¹,

Onco

Susan

2006

Span. j. agric. res.

204

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…During the infection process, the accumulation of melanin is essential for the penetration of P. oryzae into host plants. [1][2][3][4][5][6] MBIs are widely used as practical fungicides for P. oryzae. However, the evolution of resistance to conventional MBIs that inhibit dehydratase has become a problem for the control of rice blast.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8) The melanin biosynthetic pathway has been reported in various fungal species. 2,6,[8][9][10] The biosynthetic pathway for melanin in fungi starts from the formation of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene by polyketide synthase (PKS). Subsequently, two sequential reduction and dehydration steps lead to the intermediate, 1,8-DHN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can be divided into two subgroups based on the inhibitory step, reductase or dehydratase. 2) Reductase inhibitors target two hydroxynaphthalene reductases involved in melanin biosynthesis and comprise compounds such as tricyclazole, pyroquilon, or fthalide. [3][4][5]11,12) The dehydratase inhibitors target scytalone dehydratase and include compounds such as carpropamid, diclocymet, or fenoxanil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and activities of tolprocarb derivatives against Pyricularia oryzae: relationships among the activities for polyketide synthase, melanin biosynthesis, and rice blast

Banba

Hamada

Araki

et al. 2017

Journal of Pesticide Science

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The target site of tolprocarb has been reported to be polyketide synthase (PKS). Here, we evaluated the activities for Pyricularia oryzae PKS and melanin biosynthesis as well as the control efficacy of rice blast using a series of tolprocarb derivatives. A comparison of the inhibitory activities of PKS and melanin biosynthesis revealed a linear relationship (r 2 =0.90), confirming PKS as the target site of tolprocarb. A compound beyond this relationship was metabolized by P. oryzae to an inactive compound. The control efficacy of rice blast was explained using the melting point and either the inhibitory activity of PKS or melanin biosynthesis. Structure-activity analysis revealed that both end parts of tolprocarb preferred hydrophobic groups, and the chirality of the substituent in the middle part significantly influenced the activities. These relationships will provide useful information for the development of novel PKS inhibitors.

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“…Melanin is a dark-pigmented polymer that protects organisms against environmental stress, and its production is also widespread in the fungal kingdom [1]- [3]. In general, melanin accumulates in fungal cell walls and has been believed to confer tolerance to environmental stresses such as UV radiation [4]- [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%