Biosynthesis of Alkali-insoluble Cell-wall Glucan in Schizophyllum commune Protoplasts

Sonnenberg, A.S.M.; Sietsma, J. H.; Wessels, J. G. H.

doi:10.1099/00221287-128-11-2667

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…First, 1,3-p-glucan are synthesised by the glucan synthase complex (Inoue et a/., 1995), then the organisation of the 1,3-/@ucan chain in the periplasmic space and in particular the formation of linkages of 1,3-p-glucan between themselves (Kopecka and Kreger, 1986;Osumi et al, 1989) or with the other components of the cell wall which is essential to promote the rigidity of the wall are not understood (Sonnenberg et al, 1982;Hartland et al, 1994). Hydrolase activities have been described to be important in the 1,3-/?-glucan cell wall organisation but proof of this concept is still missing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and Characterization of an Endo‐1,3‐β‐Glucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus

Fontaine

Hartland

Beauvais

et al. 1997

European Journal of Biochemistry

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An endo-I ,3-p-glucanase was purified from a cell wall autolysate of Aspcvgillus ,fumigatus. This pglucanase activity was associated with a glycosylated 74-kDa protein. Using a sensitive colorimetric assay and a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with a pulsed electrochemical detector for product analysis, it was shown that the endoglucanase hydrolysed exclusively linear 1,3-P-glucan chains, had an optimum pH of 7.0 and an optimum temperature of 60°C. A substrate kinetic study gave a K,, value of 0.3 mg/ml for soluble (laminarin and laminari-oligosaccharides) and 1 .18 mg/ml for insoluble (curdlan) 1,3-P-glucan. Laminar-oligosaccharide degradation, analysed by HPLC, showed that the endoglucanase bind to the subtrate at several positions and suggested that the active site of the enzyme recognized five glucose units linked by a 1,3-1 bond. The association of the present endo-1,3-P-glucanase with the cell wall of A. fumigatus suggests a putative role for this enzyme during cell-wall morphogenesis.Keywords: endo-I ,3-P-glucanase ; cell wall : Aspergillus furnigutus; filamentous fungus.1 ,3-P-Glucanases are classified as exo-l,3-/$glucanase (1,3-P-glucan glucohydrolase) and endo-1,3-P-glucanase (1,3-1-glucan glucanohydrolase). Endoglucanase activities cleave inside a glucan chain in a more or less random fashion: while the exoglucanase activities release glucose residues from the non-reducing end. Many yeast and filamentous fungi produce both exocellular and cell-wall-associated exo-p-glucanases and endo-8-glucanases (Notario, 1982;Hien and Fleet, 1983 ;Copa-Patino, et al. 1989;Stahmann et al., 1993). 1,3-p-Glucan is a predominant polysaccharide of the fungal cell wall, and is thought to be responsible for the shape and rigidity of the wall (Cabib et al., 1982;Fleet, 1991). It has been suggested that 1,3-p-glucanase activities are essential to the continuous rearrangement of the wall 1,3-P-glucans during fungal growth (Cabib et al., 1988;Wessels, 1988). In the filamentous fungus Coprinus cinereus, endo-p-glucanases seem to play an essential role in stipe elongation (Kamada et al., 1985). In Sacchuronzyces cerevisiae, the production of exo-P-glucanases is growth-associated and cellcycle regulated (del Rey et al., 1979;Larriba et al., 1984;Jiang et al., 1995), suggesting that their activities are required at very specific stages during morphogenesis. For example, bud initiation, cell expansion, cell conjugation and sporulation are characterised by a higher activity of particular 1,3-~-glucanases (del Rey et al., 1982; Cenamor et al., 1987). However, gene disruption of yeast exo-p-glucanase activities does not modify the cellular growth (Larriba et al., 1995).Correspondence to T. Fontaine, lnstitut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur E. Roux, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, FranceAbbreviafions. Abz(OH)ONHNHZ, pamino-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide; Con-A, concanavalin A lcctin; dp, degree of polymerisation; Gn, oligosaccharide containing n 1,3-P-linked glucose residues ; G,,r, reduced oligosacchari...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and Characterization of an Endo‐1,3‐β‐Glucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus

Fontaine

Hartland

Beauvais

et al. 1997

European Journal of Biochemistry

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“…We speculate that in C. albicans, as in Schiz. commune (Sietsma & Wessels, 1981 ;Sonnenberg et al, 1982), a progressive cross-linking between S-glucan and chitin occurs during normal extension of the wall, changing the solubility characteristic of the former polymer. In the absence of chitin, the process does not occur and, consequently, the solubility characteristic of the S-glucan does not change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…albicans similar to that described in Schizophyllurn commune (Sonnenberg et al, 1982). In order to obtain further information on this, the radioactivity incorporated into the wall glucans of regenerating protoplasts after a pulse of [ U-'T]glucose was followed.…”

Section: Relationship Between the S-glucan And The I-glucanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of a New Cell Wall by Protoplasts of Candida albicans: Effect of Papulacandin B, Tunicamycin and Nikkomycin

Elorza

Murgui²,

Rico³

et al. 1987

Microbiology

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Incorporation of polysaccharides into the walls of regenerating protoplasts of Candida albicans was followed in the presence of papulacandin B, tunicamycin and nikkomycin. With the first drug, chitin was incorporated normally whereas incorporation of glucans and mannoproteins was significantly decreased. Tunicamycin decreased incorporation of all wall polymers when added at the beginning of the regeneration process but blocked only mannan and alkaliinsoluble glucan incorporation when added after 5 h. Nikkomycin inhibited chitin synthesis, and the walls formed by the protoplasts were enriched in alkali-soluble glucan. Pulse-chase experiments suggested that a precursor-product relationship between the alkali-soluble and alkali-insoluble glucans existed in the wall. The results obtained with the antibiotics were confirmed and extended by cytological studies using wheat-germ agglutinin labelled with colloidal gold and concanavalin A-ferri tin as specific markers of chitin and mannoproteins respectively. The results support the idea that regeneration of walls by protoplasts occurs in two steps : firstly, a chitin microfibrillar skeleton is formed, and in a later step glucan-mannoprotein complexes are added to the growing structure. The chitin skeleton probably allows the orderly spatial arrangement of the other polymers giving rise to the regenerated cell wall.

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“…Schizophyllan is synthesized by the fungus as a precursor glucan that appears to contain (1 3 3)-␤-linkages only. 22,23 Schizophyllan is also found in the fungal cell wall where it forms an apparently covalent, alkali-insoluble complex with the glucosaminoglycan chitin and is thought to play a structural role. 24,25 Schizophyllan has been extensively studied as a viscosity modifier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of a fungal hydrophobin onto surfaces as mediated by the associated polysaccharide schizophyllan

1999

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Biosynthesis of Alkali-insoluble Cell-wall Glucan in Schizophyllum commune Protoplasts

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Purification and Characterization of an Endo‐1,3‐β‐Glucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus

Purification and Characterization of an Endo‐1,3‐β‐Glucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus

Formation of a New Cell Wall by Protoplasts of Candida albicans: Effect of Papulacandin B, Tunicamycin and Nikkomycin

Adsorption of a fungal hydrophobin onto surfaces as mediated by the associated polysaccharide schizophyllan

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