Biosynthesis of Cytidine Diphosphate-6-d-Glucitol for the Capsular Polysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni

Abstract

Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium commonly found in chickens and is the leading cause of human diarrheal disease worldwide. The various serotypes of C. jejuni produce structurally distinct capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) on the exterior surfaces of the cell wall. The capsular polysaccharide from C. jejuni serotype HS:5 is composed of a repeating sequence of D-glycero-D-manno-heptose and D-glucitol-6-phosphate. We previously defined the pathway for the production of Dglycero-D-manno-heptose in C. jejuni. Here, we elucidate the biosynthetic pathway for the assembly of cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-6-D-glucitol by the combined action of two previously uncharacterized enzymes. The first enzyme catalyzes the formation of CDP-6-Dfructose from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and D-fructose-6-phosphate. The second enzyme reduces CDP-6-D-fructose with NADPH to generate CDP-6-D-glucitol. Using sequence similarity network (SSN) and genome neighborhood network (GNN) analyses, we predict that these pairs of proteins are responsible for the biosynthesis of CDP-6-D-glucitol and/or CDP-D-mannitol in the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and capsular polysaccharides in more than 200 other organisms. In addition, high resolution X-ray structures of the second enzyme are reported, which provide novel insight into the manner in which an open-chain nucleotide-linked sugar is harbored in an active site cleft.