Biosynthesis of Diverse Class FlavonoidsviaShikimate and Phenylpropanoid Pathway

Abstract

Flavonoids are natural products, which are useful in the protection of various types of human diseases. Several bioactive flavonoids as chalcones, flavonols, flavanol, flavones, flavanone, flavan, isoflavonoids, and proanthocyanidin, are found in parts as leaves, root, bark, stem, flowers, weed, fruits of plant species. Flavonoids are synthesized in higher plant species via the shikimate pathway, phenylpropanoid and polyketide pathway. The chalcones and flavanones are central intermediates of the pathway, which give several diverse classes of flavonoids. Central intermediates pathway (chalcones and flavanones pathway) depends on plants species and group of enzymes such as hydroxylases, reductases and isomerases to give different classes of flavonoids skeleton. The anthocyanins, isoflavonoids and condensed tannin (proanthocyanidins) are an important class of flavonoids, which synthesized by flavanones. Mostly, biosynthesis of flavonoids start from phenylpropanoid pathway. The phenylpropanoid pathway starts from shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway starts from phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose 4-phosphate.

Helicoverpa armigera herbivory negatively impacts Aphis gossypii populations via inducible metabolic changes

“…[51][52][53] 53 For example, the phenylpropanoid pathway directs the biosynthesis of phenolic acid and flavonoids under biotic stress. 54,55 Lignans and neolignans are two types of phenolic acids synthesized via the phenylpropanoids pathway and possess antibacterial and antioxidant biological activities. 56 Here, we show DEGs were significantly enriched in the phenolic acid biosynthetic pathway (Fig.…”

“…In nature, when plants are subjected to external biological stress, they can synthesize secondary metabolites by activating resistance defense pathways to interfere with insect feeding 51–53 . For example, the phenylpropanoid pathway directs the biosynthesis of phenolic acid and flavonoids under biotic stress 54,55 . Lignans and neolignans are two types of phenolic acids synthesized via the phenylpropanoids pathway and possess antibacterial and antioxidant biological activities 56 .…”

Flavonoids: Recent Advances and Applications in Crop Breeding

“…The phenylpropanoid route produces flavonoids from phenylalanine, whereas the shikimate pathway produces phenylalanine [22,23]. The general phenylpropanoid route refers to the first three steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway [24].…”

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activity of Phenolic Compound Family Extracted from Raspberries (Rubus idaeus): A General Review

“…Anthocyanins are anthocyanidins with sugar molecules coupled to their chemical structure. Anthocyanins and ellagitannins are two of the most representative and studied phenolics found in raspberries [7,47,57]. Tannins are categorized in three groups: hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins; this last one is also known as proanthocyanidins [51].…”

“…Anthocyanins are anthocyanidins with sugar molecules coupled to their chemical structure. Anthocyanins and ellagitannins are two of the most representative and studied phenolics found in raspberries [7,47,57].…”