Biosynthesis of Lignin and Related Monomers

Gross, Georg G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8873-3_5

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…In lignifying P. vulgaris, ABA had no effect on peroxidases (12). Inasmuch as it is generally agreed that cross-linking of phenolic monomers in lignifying tissues is mediated by peroxidases (11) and as suberin appears to contain up to 40%o phenolics (14), by analogy to lignification, peroxidases may be involved in suberization. In fact, an anodic species of peroxidase was found to be induced in wound-healing potato tissue and this isozyme (A4) was found specifically in the cell layers undergoing suberization (3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Abscisic Acid Stimulation of Suberization

Cottle

Kolattukudy²

1982

Plant Physiol.

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Effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on suberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum var. Russet-Burbank) tuber tissue culture was studied by measuring deposition of suberin components and the level of certain key enzymes postulated to be involved in suberization. ABA treatment resulted in a 3-fold increase in the polymeric aliphatic components of suberin and a 4-fold increase in the polymeric aromatic components. Hydrocarbons and fatty alcohols, two components characteristic of waxes associated with potato suberin, increased 9-and 5-fold, respectively, as a result of ABA treatment.Thus, the deposition of the polymeric aliphatics and aromatics as well as waxes, all of which have been postulated to be components of suberized cell walls, was markedly stimulated by ABA. w-Hydroxy-fatty acid dehydrogenase which showed a rather high initial level of activity increased only 60% due to ABA treatment. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity reached a maximum at a 5-fold level after 4 days in the ABA medium, whereas the control showed only a fold increase. ABA treatment also resulted in a dramatic (7-fold) increase in an isozyme of peroxidase which has been specifically associated with suberization. Thus, ABA appears to induce certain key enzymes which are most probably involved in suberization.ABA is generally regarded as a depressor or inhibitor of physiological and biochemical events in plants (24). In contrast to the large number of reports on inhibitory effects of ABA, there are few reports concerned with stimulatory effects. Recently, it was shown that ABA promoted cell division and DNA synthesis in Jerusalem artichoke tuber tissue culture (18).We concluded that ABA stimulated suberization in potato tuber tissue based on the observation that ABA was released into the washing medium during the first day after c.t'ting and that ABA at least partially reversed the inhibition of suberization caused by washing (22). In support of this conclusion, ABA was found to induce the deposition of polymeric aliphatic components characteristic of suberin in potato tissue culture. More recently, it was realized that suberin is probably composed of polymeric materials containing aromatic and aliphatic components and that waxes associated with suberin probably provide the water vapor diffusion barrier to suberized cell walls (23). If the previously observed 2Author to whom inquiries should be made.ABA stimulation of deposition of polymeric aliphatic material in potato tissue culture represented induction of suberization, the synthesis of other components which are thought to be part of suberized cell walls should also be induced by ABA. In this paper we show that ABA in the medium of potato tuber tissue culture stimulates the deposition of aliphatic and aromatic polymeric materials and waxes, all of which are characteristic of suberized cell walls. Effects of ABA on the levels of certain enzymes thought to be involved in suberization are also reported. MATERIALS AND METHODSTissue Cultures. Callus cultures were prepared from tuber parenchy...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Abscisic Acid Stimulation of Suberization

Cottle

Kolattukudy²

1982

Plant Physiol.

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“…It is proposed that, in diseased and wounded plants, the alterations in metabolism that result in production of phenolic phytoalexins and other phenolic derivatives are due to localized or systemic sequestration of endogenous borate by formation of complexes with carbohydrates that in healthy, unwounded tissues are not exposed to borate. As suggested for grossly boron-deficient plants (Lewis, 1980), the metabolism of /)-coumarate, cafi^eate and ferulate in the direction of lignin precursors (see Stafford, 1974;Gross, 1977) then becomes deranged with accumulation of altered lignin and alternative phenolic compounds (Van Etten and Pueppke, 1976). The hypothesis requires that the abnormal lignins synthesized in response to infection should be deficient in sinapyl units.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Are There Inter‐relations Between the Metabolic Role of Boron, Synthesis of Phenolic Phytoalexins and the Germination of Pollen?

LEWIS

1980

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYThe similarities between the effects of wounding, microbial infection and boron deficiency in bringing about alterations in phenolic and hormone metabolism in vascular plants are emphasized and attention drawn to gaps in available information. It is proposed that the similarities are due to induction of localized or systemic sequestration of endogenous borate by /?-l,3 glucans or other carbohydrates including glycoprotems (microbial elicitors and wound callose). In view of the morphological, physiological and biochemical parallels between fungal infection and pollination, it is further argued that there are common metabolic links between the effects of boron deficiency, wounding and infection and the presence of callose in pollen grains and tubes, the stigmatic deposition of callose in response to some incompatible pollinations and the boron requirement for the germination of pollen. A highly speculative but experimentally testable scheme is proposed.

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“…3 Its physical and chemical properties are highly dependent on the wood species, botanic region, and isolation processes. 4 The overall reactivity of different lignins depends on their chemical structures and functional groups. Softwoods contain almost exclusively guaiacyl (G) units, whereas hardwoods contain both syringyl (S) and guaiacyl units.…”

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Lignopolyols from Wheat Straw Soda Lignin

Ahvazi

Wojciechowicz

Ton-That

et al. 2011

J. Agric. Food Chem.

113

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Wheat straw soda lignin was modified and characterized by several qualitative and quantitative methods such as 31 P NMR spectroscopy to evaluate its potential as a substitute for polyols in view of polyurethane applications. Chemical modification of the lignin was achieved with propylene oxide to form lignopolyol derivatives. This was performed by a two-step reaction of lignin with maleic anhydride followed by propylene oxide and by direct oxyalkylation under acidic and alkaline conditions. The physical and chemical properties of lignopolyols from each method and the subsequent chain-extended hydroxyl groups were evaluated. Direct oxyalkylation of lignin under alkaline conditions was found to be more efficient than acidic conditions and more effective than the two-step process for preparing lignopolyol with higher aliphatic hydroxyl contents.

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Biosynthesis of Lignin and Related Monomers

Cited by 30 publications

References 142 publications

Abscisic Acid Stimulation of Suberization

Abscisic Acid Stimulation of Suberization

Are There Inter‐relations Between the Metabolic Role of Boron, Synthesis of Phenolic Phytoalexins and the Germination of Pollen?

Preparation of Lignopolyols from Wheat Straw Soda Lignin

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