Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins

Lands, William E.M.

doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.11.070191.000353

Cited by 375 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…While the structural contribution of ArA to the membrane appears to be limited, ArA can be rapidly converted into eicosanoids, which can function as endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine modulators of secretory mechanisms in various organs (Bihoreau et al, 1990;Lands, 1991). The conversion process begins when stress-related triggers induce the release of ArA within 5-60·s by activating phospholipases, mainly PLA2 (Axelrod et al, 1988;Smith, 1989;Buschbeck et al, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Arachidonic acid reduces the stress response of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L.

Anholt

Spanings

Koven

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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In this study the influence of the dietary level of the fatty acid arachidonic acid (ArA, 20:4n-6) was determined on the acute stress response and osmoregulation of adult gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Seabream were fed a diet containing either 0.9% or 2.4% of total fatty acids as ArA for 18 days before being subjected to a 5·min period of net confinement. Prior to this stressor, a subgroup of fish from both dietary treatment groups was treated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), an irreversible blocker of cyclooxygenase (COX). This would indicate whether any effects were caused by an enhanced synthesis of prostaglandins derived from ArA. The highest ArA levels were found in the kidneys, and these were further enhanced by dietary ArA-supplementation. In gill tissues, there were significant changes in all selected fatty acid classes 24 h after confinement, except for the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) : eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) ratio. ArA feeding strongly reduced the cortisol response to confinement, which was partially counteracted by ASA treatment. ArA also attenuated the stress-associated increase in plasma osmolality and, in combination with ASA, enhanced the osmolality and plasma chloride levels, but reduced plasma sodium levels after confinement. Furthermore, ArA enhanced the branchial Na + , K + -ATPase activity both before and after confinement, whereas feeding ASA diminished this effect. It appeared that the effects of ArA-supplementation could not always be ascribed to an increase in prostaglandin synthesis. It is advisable to determine the long-term effects of replacing fish oils in commercial diets with vegetable oils that contain no long-chain fatty acids, particularly in carnivorous/marine species with low fatty acid elongation and desaturation activities. The effects of a low dietary intake of ArA (and other polyunsaturated fatty acids) should be studied over a longer term, taking into account any consequences for the health of the fish.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Arachidonic acid reduces the stress response of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L.

Anholt

Spanings

Koven

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Animal tissues are unable to synthesize linoleic and oc-linolenic acids, so these "essential" fatty acids must be consumed in the diet. Typical North American diets provide 7 percent of energy as linoleic acid, much more than is needed to prevent deficiency (Lands, 1991). The n-6 and n-3 Depending on their concentration and type, prostaglandins and leukotrienes stimulate or inhibit the activity of immune cells.…”

Section: Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field

Poos¹,

Costello²,

Carlson-Newberry³

1999

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The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The image adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is based on a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.Cover: Resting monocyte/macrophage being activated to produce proinflammatory cytokines which form complexes with receptor binding proteins. Adapted from COMMITTEE ON MILITARY NUTRITION RESEARCHROBERT O. NESHEIM (Chair, through June 30, 1998) (FNB), Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. Other workshops or symposia have included such topics as food components to enhance performance; nutritional needs in hot, cold, and high-altitude environments; body composition and physical performance; nutrition and physical performance; cognitive testing methodology; and fluid replacement and heat stress. These workshops form part of the response that the CMNR provides to the Commander, U. HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEEThe CMNR was established in October 1982 following a request by the Assistant Surgeon General of the Army that the Board on Military Supplies of the National Academy of Sciences set up a special committee. The purpose of this committee was to advise the U.S. Department of Defense on the need for and conduct of nutrition research and related issues. The CMNR was transferred to the FNB in 1983. The CMNR's current tasks are• to identify nutritional factors that may critically influence the physical and mental performance of military personnel under all environmental extremes,• to identify deficiencies in the existing database, • to recommend research that would remedy these deficiencies as well as approaches for studying the relationship of diet to physical and mental performance, and• to review and advise on standards for military feeding systems.Within this context, the CMNR was asked to focus on nutrient requirements for performance during operational missions rather than requirements for military personnel in garrison (the latter were judged to be not significantly different from those of the civilian population).Although the membership of the committee has changed periodically, the disciplines represented consistently have included human nutrition, nutritional biochemistry, performance physiology, food science, and psychology. For issues that require broader expertise than exists within the committee, the CMNR has convened workshops or utilized consultants. The workshops provide additional state-of-the-art scientific information and informed opinion for the consideration of the committee. COMMITTEE TASKS AND PROCEDURESThe request for this review of nutrition and immune function and its application to military operations originated with Army scientists from USARIEM and USAMRMC. In December 1995, a committee subgroup of the CMNR participated in a series of conference calls with USARIEM, USAMRMC, and other CMNR members to identify the key areas that should be reviewed and to solicit suggestions for names...

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“…PG are associated with the inflammatory response and cyclooxygenase inhibitors include aspirin and related non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The synthesis of prostanoids has been reviewed recently (Hwang, 1989;Lands, 1991; The synthesis of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid by the lipoxygenase pathways has been reviewed in recent years (Parker, 1987;Lewis et al 1990). Each of the lipoxygenase enzymes has a particular cellular distribution: 5-lipoxygenase is found in mast cells, monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes, 12-lipoxygenase is found in platelets and some epithelial cells and 15-lipoxygenase is found in young myeloid cells and some epithelial cells.…”

Section: The Precursors and Path Ways Of Eicosanoid Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fatty acids and dietary lipids on cells of the immune system

Calder

1996

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Effets des acides gras et des lipides de l'alimentation sur les cellules du systi2me immunitaire R E S U M ELa synthkse des acides gras de novo fournit de l'acide palmitique. Celui-ci peut Ctre allongC jusqu'h l'acide stCarique, un substrat de Pa Ay-dCsaturase, donnant ainsi de l'acide olkique (18:ln-9). Les animaux ne posskdent pas les enzymes A12-ou A15-dCsaturase qui produisent les acides linolCic (18:2n-6) et a-1inolCique (18:3n-3) respectivement; ces enzymes se trouvent dans des plantes qui contiennent donc des proportions ClevCes d'acides gras polyinsaturks n-6 et/ou n-3 (AGPI). Etant donn6 que ces acides gras son nkcessaires pour la structure et la fonction de la membrane, elles doivent Ctre consommkes dans le regime des animaux, et sont donc appelkes acides gras essentiels. Aussi bien les animaux que les plantes posskdent les enzymes pour allonger et dksaturer les acides dksaturks palmitique, olkique, linolkique et a-linolknique. I1 rksulte des actions de ces enzymes que quatre familles distinctes de AGPI existent (n-7, n-9, n-6 et n-3

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Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins

Cited by 375 publications

References 73 publications

Arachidonic acid reduces the stress response of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L.

Arachidonic acid reduces the stress response of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L.

Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field

Effects of fatty acids and dietary lipids on cells of the immune system

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